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Global-E Online Ltd. - 1835963 - 2024
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
 
FORM 20-F
 
(Mark One)
 
☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR SECTION 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
OR
 
☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934  
 
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023
 
OR
 
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
For the transition period from      to
 
OR
 
☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
Date of event requiring this shell company report
 
Commission File Number 001-40408
 
https://cdn.kscope.io/40eb63fa36835767069ce4eef05250e7-image0.jpg
 
Global-E Online Ltd.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
 
Not Applicable
(Translation of Registrant’s Name Into English)
 
State of Israel
(Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)
 
9 HaPsagot Street,
Petah Tikva 4951041, Israel
 (Address of Principal Executive Offices)
 
Amir Schlachet
Chief Executive Officer
Telephone: +972-73-2605078
Email: amir@global-e.com
Global-E Online Ltd.
9 HaPsagot Street
Petah Tikva 4951041, Israel
(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)
 
Securities registered or to be registered, pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.
 
Title of each class
 
Trading Symbol(s)
 
Name of each exchange on which registered
Ordinary shares, no par value
 
GLBE
 
The Nasdaq Global Select Market
 
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
 
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None
 
Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital stock or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report. As of December 31, 2023, the issuer had outstanding 165,773,914 ordinary shares.
 
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
 
Yes ☒   No ☐
 
If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
 
Yes ☐   No ☒
 
Note-Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
 
Yes ☒   No ☐
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
 
Yes ☒   No ☐
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
 
☒ Large accelerated filer
☐ Accelerated filer
☐ Non-accelerated filer
☐ Emerging growth company
 
If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
 
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☒
 
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
 
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:
 
☒ U.S. GAAP
☐ International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board
☐ Other
 
If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.
 
Item 17 ☐   Item 18 ☐
 
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
 
Yes ☐   No ☒
 

CONTENTS
 
1
 
1
 
3
 
6
 
6
 
6
 
6
 
A. [RESERVED]
 6
 
B. Capitalization and Indebtedness
 6
 
C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds
 7
 
D. Risk Factors
 7
 
50
 
A. History and Development of the Company
 50
 
B. Business Overview
 51
 
C. Organizational Structure
 71
 
D. Property, Plants and Equipment
 73
 
73
 
73
 
A. Operating Results
 80
 
B. Liquidity and Capital Resources
 83
 
C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, Etc.
 85
 
D. Trend Information
 86
 
E. Critical Accounting Estimates
 86
 
89
 
A. Directors and Senior Management
 89
 
B. Compensation
 92
 
C. Board Practices
 96
 
D. Employees
 108
 
E. Share Ownership
 109
 
F. Disclosure of A Registrant’s Action to Recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation
 109
 
109
 
A. Major Shareholders
 109
 
B. Related Party Transactions
 112
 
C. Interests of Experts and Counsel
 115


115
 
A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information
 115
 
B. Significant Changes
 116
 
116
 
A. Offer and Listing Details
 116
 
B. Plan of Distribution
 116
 
C. Markets
 116
 
D. Selling Shareholders
 116
 
E. Dilution
 116
 
F. Expenses of the Issue
 116
 
117
 
A. Share Capital
 117
 
B. Memorandum and Articles of Association
 117
 
C. Material Contracts
 117
 
D. Exchange Controls
 117
 
E. Taxation
 117
 
F. Dividends and Paying Agents
 124
 
G. Statement by Experts
 124
 
H. Documents on Display
 124
 
I. Subsidiary Information
 125
 
J. Annual Report to Security Holders
 125
 
125
 
126
 
126
 
126
 
126
 
126
 
127
 
127
 
127
 
128
 
129


129
 
129
 
129
 
130
 
130
 
130
 
130
 
131
 
131
 
131
 
132
 
133
 
F-1

ABOUT THIS ANNUAL REPORT
 
As used in this Annual Report, except where the context otherwise requires or where otherwise indicated, references to “Global-e,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our,” “our company” and similar references refer to Global-E Online Ltd., together with its consolidated subsidiaries as a consolidated entity.
 
All references in this Annual Report to “Israeli currency” and “NIS” refer to New Israeli Shekels, the terms “dollar,” “USD” or “$” refer to U.S. dollars and the terms “€” or “euro” refer to the currency introduced at the start of the third stage of European economic and monetary union pursuant to the treaty establishing the European Community, as amended.
 
BASIS OF PRESENTATION
 
Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”). We present our consolidated financial statements in U.S. dollars.
 
Our fiscal year ends on December 31 of each year. Our most recent fiscal year ended on December 31, 2023.
 
Certain monetary amounts, percentages and other figures included elsewhere in this Annual Report have been subject to rounding adjustments. Accordingly, figures shown as totals in certain tables or charts may not be the arithmetic aggregation of the figures that precede them, and figures expressed as percentages in the text may not total 100% or, as applicable, when aggregated may not be the arithmetic aggregation of the percentages that precede them.
 
1
Key Performance Indicators and Non-GAAP Financial Measures Used in this Annual Report
 
Throughout this Annual Report, we provide a number of key performance indicators and non-GAAP financial measures used by our management and often by others in our industry. These are discussed in more detail in the section entitled “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects- Key Performance Indicators and Other Operating Metrics” which also includes a reconciliation of our non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP metric. We define these key performance indicators and non-GAAP financial measures as follows:
 
•
“Gross Merchandise Value” or “GMV” is defined as the combined amount we collect from the shopper and the merchant for all components of a given transaction, including products, duties and taxes and shipping;
 
•
“Adjusted EBITDA” is a non-GAAP financial measure and is defined as operating profit (loss) adjusted for stock based compensation expenses, depreciation and amortization, commercial agreements amortization, amortization of acquired intangibles, merger related contingent consideration, and acquisition related expenses and secondary offering costs. Adjusted EBITDA margin is calculated as Adjusted EBITDA divided by revenues;
 
•
“Non-GAAP Gross Profit” is a non-GAAP financial measure and is defined as gross profit adjusted for amortization of acquired intangibles. “Non-GAAP gross margin” is calculated as Non-GAAP gross profit divided by revenues;
 
•
“Net Dollar Retention Rate” for a given period is calculated by dividing the GMV in that period by the GMV in the comparable period in the prior year, in each case, from merchants that processed transactions on our platforms in the earlier of the two periods. Our Net Dollar Retention in 2023 excludes Borderfree Inc. and affiliated companies (“Borderfree”) that were acquired in 2022, as it is based on annual GMV figures, and Borderfree’s financials were consolidated into the Company’s financials in July 2022; therefore, GMV was not recorded for the full year in 2022; and
 
•
“Gross Dollar Retention Rate” is a key performance indicator and in order to calculate it for a particular quarter, we first calculate the total seasonality adjusted annualized GMV for that quarter. We then calculate the value of GMV from any merchants who discontinued their use of our platforms during that quarter, or churned, based on their total GMV from the four quarters preceding such quarter, which we refer to as churned GMV. We then divide (a) the churned GMV by (b) the total seasonality adjusted annualized GMV to calculate the percentage churn for that quarter. Gross Dollar Retention Rate for a particular year is calculated by aggregating the percentage churn of the four quarters within that year and subtracting the result from 100%.
 
The aforementioned key performance indicators and non-GAAP financial measures are used by management and our board of directors to assess our performance, for financial and operational decision-making, and as a means to evaluate period-to-period comparisons. These measures are frequently used by analysts, investors and other interested parties to evaluate companies in our industry. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures are appropriate measures of operating performance because they remove the impact of certain items that we believe do not directly reflect our core operations, and permit investors to view performance using the same tools that we use to budget, forecast, make operating and strategic decisions, and evaluate historical performance.
 
Market and Industry Data
 
Unless otherwise indicated, information in this Annual Report concerning economic conditions, our industry, our markets and our competitive position is based on a variety of sources, including statistical, market and industry data and forecasts, that we obtained from publicly available information and independent industry publications and reports that we believe to be reliable sources. These publicly available industry publications and reports generally state that they obtain their information from sources that they believe to be reliable, but they do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of the information. Although we believe that these sources are reliable, we have not independently verified the information contained in such publications. Certain estimates and forecasts involve uncertainties and risks and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed under the headings “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Item 3.D. Risk Factors” in this Annual Report.
2
 
Our estimates are derived from publicly available information released by third-party sources, as well as data from our internal research, which we believe to be reasonable. None of the independent industry publications used in this Annual Report were prepared on our behalf.
 
Certain estimates of market opportunity and forecasts of market growth included in this Annual Report may prove to be inaccurate. The market for e-commerce solutions is relatively new and will experience changes over time. E-commerce market estimates and growth forecasts, whether obtained from third-party sources or developed internally, are uncertain and based on assumptions and estimates that may prove to be inaccurate. The estimates and forecasts in this Annual Report relating to the size of our target market, market demand and adoption, capacity to address this demand and pricing may prove to be inaccurate. The addressable market we estimate may not materialize for many years, if ever, and even if the markets in which we compete meet the size estimates in this Annual Report, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all.
 
Trademarks
 
We or our licensors have proprietary rights to trademarks used in this Annual Report. Solely for convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to in this Annual Report may appear without the “®” or “™” symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent possible under applicable law, our rights or the rights of the applicable licensor to these trademarks and trade names. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trademarks, trade names or service marks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies. Each trademark, trade name or service mark of any other company appearing in this Annual Report is the property of its respective holder.
 
CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
 
This Annual Report contains estimates and forward-looking statements within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. We intend such forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements as contained in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). All statements contained in this Annual Report other than statements of historical fact, including, without limitation, statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, growth strategy and plans and objectives of management for future operations, including, among others, expansion in new and existing markets, are forward-looking statements. as the words “may,” “might,” “will,” “could,” “would,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “target,” “seek,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “continue,” “contemplate,” “possible” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, though not all forward-looking statements use these words or expressions. These forward-looking statements are contained principally in the sections entitled Item 3.D. “Key Information-Risk Factors,” Item 4. “Information on the Company,” and Item 5. “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.”
 
Our estimates and forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations and estimates of future events and trends which affect or may affect our business, operations and industry. Although we believe that these estimates and forward-looking statements are based upon reasonable assumptions, they are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties including, but not limited to, the risks described in Item 3.D “Key Information-Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report.
 
You should not rely on forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all risks and uncertainties that could have an impact on the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report. The results, events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur, and actual results, events or circumstances could differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements.
3
 
In addition, statements that “we believe” and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based on information available to us as of the date of this Annual Report. While we believe that information provides a reasonable basis for these statements, that information may be limited or incomplete. Our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain, and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely on these statements. We may also provide information herein that is not necessarily “material” under the federal securities laws for SEC reporting purposes, including information that is informed by various ESG standards and frameworks (including standards for the measurement of underlying data), and the interests of various stakeholders. Much of this information is subject to assumptions, estimates or third-party information that is still evolving and subject to change. For example, our disclosures based on any standards may change due to revisions in framework requirements, availability of information, changes in our business or applicable government policies, or other factors, some of which may be beyond our control.
 
The forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report relate only to events as of the date on which the statements are made. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this Annual Report or to reflect new information or the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements.
 
SUMMARY OF RISK FACTORS
 
Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those described in Item 3. “Key Information - D. Risk Factors.” You should carefully consider these risks and uncertainties when investing in our ordinary shares. Principal risks and uncertainties affecting our business include the following:
 
•
our rapid growth and growth rates in recent periods may not be indicative of future growth;
   
•
our ability to retain existing, and attract new, merchants;
   
•
our business acquisitions and ability to effectively integrate acquired businesses;
   
•
our ability to anticipate merchant needs or develop or acquire new functionality or enhance our existing platforms to meet those needs; 
   
•
our ability to implement and use artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies successfully;
   
•
our ability to compete in our industry;
   
•
our reliance on third-parties, including our ability to realize the benefits of any strategic alliances, joint ventures, or partnership arrangements and to integrate our platforms with third-party platforms;
   
•
our ability to develop or maintain the functionality of our platforms, including real or perceived errors, failures, vulnerabilities, or bugs in our platforms;
   
•
our history of net losses;

4

•
our ability to manage our growth and manage expansion into additional markets;
   
•
increased attention to ESG matters and our ability to manage such matters;
   
•
our ability to accommodate increased volumes during peak seasons and events;
   
•
our ability to effectively expand our marketing and sales capabilities;
   
•
our expectations regarding our revenue, expenses and operations;
   
•
our ability to operate internationally;
   
•
our reliance on third-party services, including third-party providers of cross-docking services and third-party data centers, in our platforms and services and harm to our reputation by our merchants’ or third-party service providers’ unethical business practices;
   
•
Our ability to adapt to changes in mobile devices, systems, applications, or web browsers that may degrade the functionality of our platforms;
   
•
our operation as a merchant of record for sales conducted using our platform;
   
•
regulatory requirements and additional fees related to payment transactions through our e-commerce platforms could be costly and difficult to comply with;
   
•
compliance and third-party risks related to anti-money laundering, anti-corruption, anti-bribery, regulations, economic sanctions and export control laws and import regulations and restrictions;
   
•
our business’s reliance on the personal importation model;
   
•
our ability to securely store personal information of merchants and shoppers;
   
•
increases in shipping rates;
   
•
fluctuations in the exchange rate of foreign currencies has impacted and could continue to impact our results of operations;
   
•
our ability to offer high quality support;
   
•
our ability to expand the number of merchants using our platforms and increase our GMV and to enhance our reputation and awareness of our platforms;
   
•
our dependency on the continued use of the internet for commerce;
   
•
our ability to adapt to emerging or evolving regulatory developments, changing laws, regulations, standards and technological changes related to privacy, data protection, data security and machine learning technology and generative artificial intelligence evolves;
   
•
the effect of the situation in Ukraine on our business, financial condition and results of operations;
   
•
our role in the fulfilment chain of the merchants, which may cause third parties to confuse us with the merchants;
   
•
our ability to establish and protect intellectual property rights; and our use of open-source software which may pose particular risks to our proprietary software technologies;

5

•
our dependency on our executive officers and other key employees and our ability to hire and retain skilled key personnel, including our ability to enforce non-compete agreements we enter into with our employees;
   
•
litigation for a variety of claims which we may be subject to;
   
•
the adoption by merchants of a D2C model;
   
•
our anticipated cash needs and our estimates regarding our capital requirements and our needs for additional financing;
   
•
our ability to maintain our corporate culture;
   
•
our ability to maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting;
   
•
our ability to accurately estimate judgments relating to our critical accounting policies;
   
•
changes in tax laws or regulations to which we are subject, including the enactment of legislation implementing changes in taxation of international business activities and the adoption of other corporate tax reform policies;
   
•
requirements to collect sales or other taxes relating to the use of our platforms and services in jurisdictions where we have not historically done so;
   
•
global events such as war, health pandemics, climate change, macroeconomic events and the recent economic slowdown;
   
•
risks relating to our ordinary shares, including our share price, the concentration of our share ownership with insiders, our status as a foreign private issuer, provisions of Israeli law and our amended and restated articles of association and actions of activist shareholders;
   
•
risks related to our incorporation and location in Israel, including risks related to the ongoing war and related hostilities; and
   
•
other statements described in this Annual Report under “Risk Factors,” “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects,” and “Business.”
 
PART I
 
Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers
 
Not applicable.
 
Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable
 
Not applicable.
 
Item 3. Key Information
 
A.
[RESERVED]
 
B.
Capitalization and Indebtedness 

Not applicable.
 
6
 
C.
Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.
 
D.
Risk Factors
 
 You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below and the other information in this Annual Report before making a decision to invest in our ordinary shares. Our business, financial condition, results of operations, or strategic objectives could be materially and adversely affected by any of these risks and uncertainties. The trading price and value of our ordinary shares could decline due to any of these risks and uncertainties, and you may lose all or part of your investment. This Annual Report also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. See “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including the risks and uncertainties faced by us described below and elsewhere in this Annual Report.
 
Risks Relating to our Business and Industry
 
We have experienced rapid growth in recent periods and our recent growth rates may not be indicative of our future growth.
 
We have experienced rapid growth in recent periods. Our revenue was $245.3 million, $409.0 million and $569.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively, representing an annual growth of 66.8% and 39.3% for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively. GMV processed through our platforms during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023 was $1,449 million, $2,450 million and $3,557 million, respectively, representing an annual growth of 69% and 45% for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 respectively. In future periods, we may not be able to sustain revenue or GMV growth consistent with recent history, or at all.
 
We believe our revenue and GMV growth depends on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, our ability to: 
 
•
increase the overall sales volume facilitated by our platforms;
   
•
maintain merchant retention rates;
   
•
increase merchants’ e-commerce sales conversion rates;
   
•
successfully expand our merchants into new geographies;
   
•
attract new merchants to our platforms in existing and new geographies, segments and verticals;
   
•
 
successfully integrating or maintaining the technologies, platforms and business propositions, modalities or offerings of business we have acquired, including successfully execute and grow the Shopify Markets Pro offering and the technologies and e-commerce solutions of Borderfree, and other businesses we may acquire in the future, into our existing platforms;
   
•
successfully realize all the benefits from our third party partnerships and collaborations;
   
•
provide integration with our merchants’ online e-commerce web-stores;

7

•
maintain the security, reliability and integrity of our platforms;
   
•
maintain compliance with existing and comply with new applicable laws and regulations, including new tax rates and tariffs;
   
•
price our platforms effectively so that we are able to attract and retain merchants;
   
•
successfully compete against our current and future competition and competing solutions; and
   
•
maintain service levels and consistent quality of our platforms.

We have also encountered in the past, and expect to encounter in the future, risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidly evolving industries. If our assumptions regarding these risks and uncertainties, which we use to plan and operate our business, are incorrect or change, or if we do not address these risks successfully, our growth rates may slow and our business could suffer. Further, our rapid growth may make it difficult to evaluate our future prospects. In addition, a portion of our growth in recent or past periods may be attributed to trends and there is no assurance these trends will continue.

If we are unable to retain our existing merchants, or the GMV generated by merchants on our platforms declines or does not increase, our business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected.
 
Our revenues are closely correlated with the level of GMV that is processed through our platforms and we expect our future revenue growth to be partially driven by increases to our existing merchants’  GMV. We aim to sign contracts with merchants for a minimum term of 12 months and with a minimum committed monthly volume, but our merchants typically have the right to terminate their agreements for convenience by providing prior written notice, and have no obligation to renew their agreements with us after their terms expire. Even if our agreements with the merchants are renewed or not terminated, they may not be renewed on the same or as profitable terms, and may exclude utilization of our shipping services which may reduce our revenues, or may reduce the markets in which we provide them our services (including by way of localizing their fulfilment and distribution model). Although we typically maintain minimum fee arrangements with the merchants, we cannot guarantee that such minimum fees will commensurate with revenues earned in previous periods. As a result, if existing merchants terminate their agreements with us, renew them on less favorable terms, or otherwise reduce the scope of their activity through our platforms, our operating results and financial condition could suffer. In addition, we may not be able achieve successful or full migration and transition of some merchants from one of our platforms to another. For example, we may not be able to migrate merchants who have historically and currently been using the Borderfree platform to the Global-e platform, or such migration may not be on the same or as profitable terms, or may exclude the utilization of our shipping services which may reduce our revenues, or may reduce the number of markets in which we provide them our services, or even result in discontinuation of all or parts of our services.
 
The growth of our business depends on our ability to attract new merchants and increase the GMV processed on our platforms.
 
Our growth strategies include attracting new merchants to our platforms and increasing the GMV processed through our platforms. There is no guarantee that we can sustain our historical merchant acquisition rates and if we do, that such new merchants will lead to an increase of the GMV processed through our platforms or to an increase in our revenues. Our ability to attract new merchants depends on the success of our platforms with existing merchants and the success of our sales and marketing efforts, which may not be successful. Merchants who are not currently engaged in cross-border e-commerce may not be familiar with our solutions and those currently engaged in cross-border e-commerce may use other products or services for their cross-border e-commerce needs. In addition, merchants may develop their own solutions to address their cross-border e-commerce needs, purchase competitive product offerings, or engage third-party providers of services and solutions that do not or will not enable the use of our platforms and services. It may be difficult to engage and market to merchants who either do not currently have cross-border e-commerce needs, are unfamiliar with our platforms and services, or utilize competing solutions and services for their e-commerce needs. This requires us to spend substantial time, effort and resources assisting merchants in evaluating our platforms and services, including providing demonstrations, conducting gap analyses and substantiating the value of our platforms and services. Furthermore, engaging and marketing to merchants in segments, verticals or new regions where we do not have a presence or where we have only recently established our presence may also require effort and resources and may not result in the acquisition of new merchants or in increase of GMV. If merchants do not perceive our offerings to be of sufficiently high value and quality, we may not be able to attract new merchants or increase our GMV and our business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected.
8
 
Additionally, even if we are successful in attracting new merchants, they may not generate GMV or revenue at the same rate or scale as our current or historical merchants. If new merchants that we acquire fail to use our platforms to the same extent that our existing merchants do, it would reduce the GMV processed on our platforms and therefore our revenue, which could materially adversely affect our operating results and our growth.
 
We have acquired, and may acquire in the future, other businesses. Acquisitions divert a substantial part of our resources and management attention and if we are unable to effectively integrate acquired business, our operating results may materially suffer.
 
We have acquired and may in the future acquire complementary solutions, functionalities, technologies or businesses. For example, we acquired Borderfree from Pitney Bowes in July 2022 (the “Borderfree Acquisition”). Seeking and negotiating potential acquisitions diverts our management’s attention from other business concerns to a certain extent and is expensive and time-consuming. Acquisitions expose us and our business to unforeseen liabilities or risks associated with the business or assets acquired or with entering new markets. Through the acquisition of Borderfree we aim to enhance the value that our business brings to global brands by providing them with traffic generation services, thereby the ability to attract international shoppers to their web store, by using both an e-mail based direct marketing offering and a portal-like affiliation platform. If we are unable to successfully integrate Borderfree, or effectively integrate other acquired businesses, we may not be successful in developing and marketing our offerings and our operating results will materially suffer and the potential benefits of the Borderfree Acquisition or other potential acquisitions may not be realized to the full extent, in a timely fashion or at all. In addition, if the integrated platforms and solutions we offer do not achieve acceptance by the marketplace, our operating results will materially suffer.
 
If we fail to develop or acquire new functionality (and if acquired, to integrate it) or enhance our platforms to meet the needs of our current and future merchants, or if we fail to estimate the impact of developing and introducing new functionality or enhanced solutions in response to rapid market or technological changes, our revenue could decline and our expenditures could increase significantly.
 
The e-commerce market is characterized by rapid technological changes, evolving operational and omnichannel modalities, frequent new product and service introductions, evolving industry standards and regulations and changing merchant and shopper preferences. To keep pace with technological and regulatory developments, satisfy increasingly sophisticated merchant and shopper needs, achieve market acceptance and maintain the performance and security of our platforms, we must continue to adapt, enhance, integrate and improve our platforms and existing services and we must also continue to introduce new functionality to our platforms. Any new solutions or functionality we develop or acquire (and subsequently, integrate) may not be introduced in a timely manner and may not achieve the broad market acceptance necessary to generate significant revenue. If we are unable to successfully develop or acquire (and subsequently, integrate) new solutions or enhance our existing solutions, our business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected.
 
We expect to incur significant expenses to develop, integrate and implement additional solutions and functionalities and to integrate any acquired solutions or functionalities into our existing platforms to maintain our competitive position. These efforts may not result in commercially viable solutions. We may experience difficulties with software development, industry standards, threats to the security and integrity of our technological infrastructure, design, manufacturing or marketing that could delay or prevent our development, introduction or implementation of new solutions and enhancements. If we do not receive significant revenue from these investments, our business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected. Merchants may require customized integrations, or features and functions that we do not yet offer or do not intend to offer, or which we have yet fully integrated or implemented, any of which may cause them to choose a competing solution. If we fail to develop solutions that satisfy merchant and shoppers’ preferences in a timely and cost-effective manner, our ability to renew our contracts with existing merchants and our ability to create or increase demand for our platforms could be harmed, and our business, operating results and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. The integration of Borderfree and the migration of merchants who have historically and currently been using the Borderfree platform to the Global-e platform, or the execution of Shopify Markets Pro, as well as any other future acquisitions, may result in difficulties and delays, require additional investment and costs, and even if completed, may not achieve the economic or market results in terms of revenue creation and improved technological solutions that we have expected or anticipated.
9
 
There is a risk that the technology we invest in may not achieve the expected level of success or widespread market adoption. Market dynamics, competitive forces, regulatory changes, or unforeseen challenges may impede the successful integration and acceptance of our new solutions. For example, in January 2022 we acquired Flow (the “Flow Merger”), and entered into an Amended and Restated Master Services Agreement with Flow and Shopify Inc. and its affiliates (“Shopify”) (the “2022 Shopify Agreement”), making our platform and services and the Flow platform and services, respectively, available to certain Shopify merchants through Shopify’s e-commerce platform. As part of the 2022 Shopify Agreement, in September 2023, Shopify launched “Shopify Markets Pro”, a white-label cross-border MoR offering, powered by Global-e, currently available to Shopify US-based merchants. Shopify Markets Pro is based on the Flow platform, leveraging its API-based technology, and enables merchants of diverse scales, encompassing small and emerging businesses, to extend their brand offerings globally with streamlined integration efforts. The success of Shopify Markets Pro is contingent upon widespread acceptance and adoption in the market. Factors such as evolving merchants' preferences, competitive landscape dynamics, and unforeseen market challenges may impact the rate at which customers embrace Shopify Markets Pro. Such variations may lead to financial losses, a weakened competitive position, and possible setbacks in achieving our strategic objectives.
 
Our implementation and use of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies may not be successful, which may impair our ability to compete effectively, result in reputational harm and have an adverse effect on our business.
 
We use machine learning, artificial intelligence and automated decision-making technologies (“AI Technologies”) throughout our business, and are making significant investments to continuously improve our use of such technologies. For example, we use machine learning and artificial intelligence technologies to support our merchant and customer service inquires and to assist in the research and development of our solutions. As with many technological innovations, there are significant risks and challenges involved in developing, maintaining and deploying these technologies and there can be no assurance that the usage of such technologies will always enhance our solutions or be beneficial to our business, including our efficiency or profitability.
 
Further, changes and ongoing development in how we use artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies and how we train our models, in particular if those artificial intelligence or machine learning models are (i) incorrectly designed or implemented; (ii) trained or reliant on incomplete, inadequate, inaccurate, biased or otherwise poor quality data; and/ or on data to which we do not have sufficient rights or in relation to which we and/or the providers of such data have not implemented sufficient legal compliance measures; or (iii) are adversely impacted by unforeseen defects, technical challenges, cybersecurity threats or material performance issues, the performance of our platforms and business, as well as our reputation and the reputations of our merchants, suppliers and business partners could suffer or we could incur liability through the violation of laws or contracts to which we are a party or through civil claims.
10
 
The market for artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies is rapidly evolving and remains unproven in many industries, including our own. We cannot be sure that the market will continue to grow or that it will grow in ways we anticipate. We are in varying stages of development in relation to our products or services which utilize proprietary artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies, and we may not be successful in our ongoing development of these technologies in the face of novel and evolving technical, reputational and market factors. Our failure to successfully develop and commercialize our platforms or services which utilize proprietary machine learning and artificial intelligence technologies could depress the market price of our stock and impair our ability to (i) raise capital; (ii) expand our business; (iii) provide, improve and diversify our product offerings; (iv) continue our operations and efficiently manage our operating expenses; and (v) respond effectively to competitive developments.
 
The continuous development, maintenance and operation of our artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies is expensive and complex, and may involve unforeseen difficulties including material performance problems, undetected defects or errors. We may encounter technical obstacles, and it is possible that we may discover additional problems that may prevent our proprietary technologies from operating properly, which could adversely affect our business, relationships and reputation. In particular, we incorporate generative artificial intelligence technologies (i.e. artificial intelligence models that can produce and output new content, software code, data and information) into our solutions and internal business practices. There is a risk that generative artificial intelligence could produce inaccurate or misleading content or other discriminatory or unexpected results or behaviors, such as hallucinatory behavior that can generate irrelevant, nonsensical, or factually incorrect results, all of which could harm our reputation, business, or customer relationships. While we take measures designated to ensure the accuracy of such artificial intelligence generated content, those measures may not always be successful, and in some cases, we may need to rely on end users to report such inaccuracies. To the extent a third party is successful in a claim against one of our customers based on such inaccuracies, we could also incur liability, and this could also affect our business, relationships and reputation. Generative AI technologies may also be used to produce content that violates existing intellectual property laws and laws concerning rights of privacy and publicity and new related laws and regulations are currently under consideration. The law is also uncertain across jurisdictions regarding the copyright ownership of content that is produced in whole or in party by generative AI tools. Therefore, incorporating AI technologies from external sources into our products could lead to allegations of bias, discrimination, legal and regulatory violations, or violating copyright or other intellectual property rights and could require us to modify our solutions incorporating Generative AI technology or otherwise engage in efforts to remain in compliance with the law and require us to incur additional expenditures.
 
Furthermore, we use artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies licensed from third parties in our technologies and our ability to continue to use such technologies at the scale we need may be dependent on access to specific third-party software and infrastructure. We cannot control the availability or pricing of such third-party technologies, especially in a highly competitive environment, and we may be unable to negotiate favorable economic terms with the applicable providers. If any such third-party technologies become incompatible with our solutions, become unavailable for use, or the providers of such models unfavorably change the terms on which their technologies are offered or terminate their relationship with us, our solutions may become less appealing to our customers and our business will be harmed. In addition, to the extent any third party artificial intelligence or machine learning technologies are used as a hosted service, any disruption, outage, or loss of information through such hosted services could disrupt our operations or solutions, damage our reputation, cause a loss of confidence in our solutions, or result in legal claims or proceedings, for which we may be unable to recover damages from the affected provider.
 
We face competition from other companies in our industry in relation to the development and deployment of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies. Those other companies may develop artificial intelligence technologies that are similar or superior to ours and/or are more cost-effective and/or quicker to develop and deploy. If we cannot develop, offer or deploy new artificial intelligence or machine learning technologies as effectively, as quickly and/ or as cost-efficiently as our competitors, we could experience a material adverse effect on our operating results of operation, customer relationships and growth.
11
 
We may not be able to successfully compete against current and future competition or other competing solutions, and we may need to change our pricing and model to remain competitive.
 
We face competition in the market of global e-commerce, and such competition and alternative and competing solutions likely continue and could increase in the future. Competition could lead to a decrease in the GMV processed through our platforms and could reduce our revenue or margins, any of which could negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. A number of competitive factors could cause merchants to cease using or decline to use our platforms and services, or could reduce the transaction volume that they process through our platform, including, among others:
 
•
merchants may choose to develop global e-commerce capabilities internally or choose competing solutions;
   
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merchants may merge with or be acquired by companies using a competing solution or an internally developed solution;
   
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competing solutions may be offered as part of a bundle of e-commerce services;
   
•
 
current or potential global or regional competition and competing solutions, both in geographies where we already operate, and in geographies where we do not operate, may adopt more aggressive pricing policies, offer more attractive sales terms, adapt more quickly to new technologies and changes in merchant requirements or devote greater resources to the promotion and sale of their products and solutions than we can; and
   
•
current and potential competition may merge or establish cooperative relationships among themselves or with third parties to enhance their products, solutions and expand their markets (or in new markets), forming alliances that rapidly acquire significant market share.

We cannot assure that we will be able to compete successfully against current and future competition or competing solutions. If we cannot compete successfully against our current and future competition or such competing solutions, our business, operating results and financial condition could be materially and negatively impacted.
 
In addition, as new or existing competing solutions may be offered in competitive prices, we may be unable to retain existing merchants or attract new merchants. Mid-market and large enterprise merchants may demand substantial price discounts as part of the negotiation of contracts. As a result, we could be required to choose either to reduce our prices or otherwise change our pricing model, or both, which could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition. 
 
We cannot be certain that we will realize the benefits of strategic alliances, joint ventures or partnership arrangements, including with third-party e-commerce platforms. Any failure to manage such strategic alliances, partnerships or joint ventures, or to integrate them with our existing or future business, could have a material adverse effect on us.
 
We have entered into partnership arrangements, and in the future may consider opportunities to enter into additional arrangements or strategic alliances that may be beneficial for our operations and the growth of our platform. Our ability to grow through these types of partnerships is subject to a number of risks, including unanticipated costs associated with strategic alliances, issues conforming to standards, procedures and contractual requirements, and diversion of management’s attention from our existing business. For example, we have entered into a Services and Partnership Agreement with Shopify, dated April 12, 2021 (the “2021 Shopify Agreement”), and concurrently with the Flow Merger, we entered into the “2022 Shopify Agreement (together with the 2021 Shopify Agreement, the “Shopify Agreements”), making our platform and services and the Flow platform and services, respectively, available to certain Shopify merchants through Shopify’s e-commerce platform.
 
Entering into such relationship with Shopify has required and may continue to require us to incur certain charges, significantly increasing our near and long-term expenditures. In addition, the 2021 Shopify Agreement requires us to pay Shopify fee equal to a percentage of the GMV for all transactions processed through the respective platforms for applicable Shopify merchants, which has an impact on our margins. In connection with entering into the Shopify Agreements, we issued securities to Shopify which diluted, and may continue to dilute, our shareholders. The potential benefits of our relationship with Shopify are hard to estimate or quantify at this time, and we cannot be certain that our arrangement with Shopify will provide the revenue or net income that justifies such transaction.
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Each of the Shopify Agreements is terminable by either party immediately upon notice of certain events, subject to applicable cure periods, or without cause upon prior notice. Any termination of each of the Shopify Agreements could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. These risks could apply to any similar arrangement we may enter into in the future, and any potential future collaborations may be similarly terminable by our partners.
 
The success of our business model is reliant on our ability to integrate our platforms with third-party e-commerce platforms, our ability to operate according to such third parties’ terms of use and integration requirements, and our ability to maintain any partnership that we have entered into or may enter into with such third parties. Inability or failure to do so would reduce the attractiveness of our solutions for use by current and future merchants.
 
Merchants typically carry out e-commerce activity through third-party e-commerce platforms, such as Salesforce Commerce Cloud, Shopify, BigCommerce, Adobe Magento, SAP/Hybris, WooCommerce, PrestaShop, Workarea, Wshop, and others. Our ability to attract merchants that utilize such platforms to conduct their e-commerce activity is contingent on our ability to integrate our solutions into the e-commerce platforms they use. Each of the companies that operates these e-commerce platforms dictates the terms of use of its respective platform, including the manner and procedure by which we integrate to its platform. To the extent any such operators offer or promote alternative products or solutions or would limit or prevent merchants from utilizing our platform, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
 
Some of these companies also demand that certain certification processes are satisfied prior to implementing an integration into the e-commerce platform they operate. Compliance with such terms may subject us to waiting periods due to certification and onboarding processes and may require us to modify aspects of our platforms’ functionality in order to fit applicable technical standards. While we exert substantial efforts to maintain compliance, and although notice of changes and instructions are typically provided in advance, the terms of use and requirements may change unilaterally at the discretion of the e-commerce platform, and none of our efforts as a result would be sufficient. If we fail to maintain certification or compliance, the willingness of merchants to adopt or continue to use our solutions may be reduced.
 
In addition, in the event that our solutions do not integrate optimally with third-party e-commerce platforms, leading to errors, defects, disruption or other performance problems, shoppers’ experience will be adversely affected, our reputation may be harmed and our ability to achieve and maintain growth among merchants on the e-commerce platforms would be adversely affected.
 
For example, if we are unable to perform under the Shopify Agreements, fail to maintain our relationship with Shopify, or the Shopify Agreements are otherwise terminated for any reason, our business, financial condition and results of operation could be materially and adversely effected.
 
If we are not successful in developing or maintaining the functionality of our platforms or if we experience real or perceived errors, failures, vulnerabilities, or bugs in our platforms, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be adversely affected.
 
Any errors, defects, or disruptions in our platforms, or other performance problems with our platforms could harm our reputation and may damage the businesses of our merchants. Our platforms could contain undetected errors, “bugs” or misconfigurations that could adversely affect their performance. Additionally, we regularly update and enhance our platforms and introduce new versions of our platforms and service. These updates may contain undetected errors when introduced or released, which may cause disruptions in our services and may reduce merchants and shoppers satisfaction. Our continued growth depends in part on our ability to maintain the existing functionality of our platforms and services (and implementing the functionality of our acquired platforms), meet our service levels, prevent down time and degradation of services on our platforms for both merchants and shoppers. Failure to do so may result in damage to our reputation which may have an adverse effect on our business and results of operation.
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We have experienced in the past and may in the future experience, disruptions, data loss, outages, and other performance problems with our infrastructure due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, introductions of new functionality, human or software errors, capacity constraints, denial-of-service attacks, ransomware attacks, or other security-related incidents. In some instances, we may not be able to identify the cause or causes of these performance problems immediately or in short order. We may not be able to maintain the level of service uptime and performance required by merchants, especially during peak usage times as traffic and volumes increase. Since our merchants rely on our platforms to carry out global e-commerce on an ongoing basis, any outage on our platforms would have a direct adverse impact on our merchants business. Our merchants may seek compensation from us for any losses they suffer or cease conducting business with us altogether. Further, a merchant could share information about bad experiences, which could result in damage to our reputation and loss of current and future sales. There can be no assurance that provisions typically included in our contracts with our merchants that attempt to limit our exposure to claims would be enforceable or adequate or would otherwise protect us from liabilities or damages with respect to any particular claim. Even if not successful, a claim brought against us by any of our merchants would likely be time-consuming and costly to defend and could seriously damage our reputation and harm our ability to attract new merchants to our platforms.
 
We have a history of net losses, we anticipate increasing operating expenses in the future, and we may not be able to achieve profitability.
 
We incurred significant net losses of $195.4 million and $133.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively. Because the market for our platforms and services is rapidly evolving, it is difficult for us to predict our future results of operations or the limits of our market opportunity. As a result of our entry into the Shopify Agreements and the related issuance of warrants to purchase ordinary shares to Shopify, we recognize commercial agreement assets which are recognized upon the vesting of the warrants, and are amortized over time. This results in increased sales and marketing expenses and the reporting of a net loss for the year ended December 31, 2023 and we expect this will continue to result in increased sales and marketing expenses in future periods and the reporting of net losses for such periods. In addition, as a result of the Flow Merger and the Borderfree Acquisition, we recognized, and will continue to recognize, an intangible assets amortization expense over the next several years. We expect our operating expenses to continue to increase over the next several years as we hire additional personnel, expand into new geographies or invest in expanding our operations in existing geographies, expand our partnerships, operations and infrastructure, continue to enhance our platforms, develop and expand their features, integrations and capabilities, expand and improve our service offering and increase our spending on sales and marketing. We intend to continue to build and enhance our platforms through internal research and development and we may also selectively pursue acquisitions. In addition, as a public company, we will continue to incur additional significant legal, accounting, and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. If we are unable to maintain revenues high enough to offset the expected increases in our operating expenses, we will not be profitable in future periods.
 
If we fail to manage our growth effectively, we may be unable to execute our business plan or maintain high levels of service and merchant satisfaction.
 
We have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, rapid growth, which has placed, and may continue to place, significant demands on our management and our technological, operational and financial resources. We have established international offices, including offices in Israel, the U.S., the UK, Europe, Japan, Australia, Singapore and the United Arab Emirates, and we plan to continue to expand our international operations into other countries in the future. We have also experienced significant growth in both the number of merchants and the number of transactions facilitated by our platforms. For example, during the year ended December 31, 2023, our platforms generated in the aggregate $3,557 million of GMV, representing an increase of 45% relative to the GMV for the year ended December 31, 2022. Additionally, our organizational structure is becoming more complex as we scale our technological, operational, financial and management controls as well as our reporting systems and procedures.
14
 
To manage growth in our operations and personnel, we will need to continue to grow and improve our operational, financial, and management controls and our reporting systems and procedures. We will require significant capital expenditures and the allocation of valuable management resources to grow and adapt to our developing needs in these areas without undermining our culture, which has been central to our growth so far. If we fail to manage our anticipated growth and change in a manner that preserves the key aspects of our corporate culture, the quality of our platforms and services may suffer, which could negatively affect merchants and shoppers and as a result our reputation.
 
The increasing focus and scrutiny of, and evolving expectations regarding, environmental, social, governance and other sustainability practices could increase our costs, harm our reputation or customer acquisition and retention, our access to capital and employee retention or otherwise adversely impact our financial results.
 
There has been increasing focus by a variety of stakeholders on companies’ environmental, social and governance, or ESG, and other sustainability matters. Expectations regarding voluntary ESG initiatives and disclosures may result in increased costs (including but not limited to increased costs related to compliance, stakeholder engagement, contracting and insurance), changes in demand for certain products, enhanced compliance or disclosure obligations, or other adverse impacts to our business, financial condition, or results of operations.
 
While we may at times engage in voluntary initiatives (such as voluntary disclosures, certifications, or goals, among others) to improve the ESG profile of our company or to respond to stakeholder expectations, such initiatives may be costly and may not have the desired effect. Expectations around companies’ management of ESG matters continues to evolve rapidly, in many instances due to factors that are out of our control. For example, we may ultimately be unable to complete certain initiatives or targets, either on the timelines initially announced or at all, due to technological, cost, or other constraints, which may be within or outside of our control. Moreover, actions or statements that we may take based on expectations, assumptions, other methodological considerations, or third-party information that we currently believe to be reasonable may subsequently be determined to be erroneous or be subject to misinterpretation.
 
It is possible that our ESG reporting may not satisfy stakeholders, or that our ESG practices, including the timeline and manner of our initiatives or achieving or goals, will be perceived to not be adopted at a sufficient pace. If our ESG practices, reporting and disclosures do not meet the expectations of investors, customers, or employees, which continue to evolve, our brand, reputation, and customer retention may be negatively impacted, and we may be subject to stakeholder engagement and/or litigation, even if such initiatives are currently voluntary. If we are not effective in addressing ESG matters affecting our business, or setting and meeting relevant goals, our reputation and financial results may suffer. For example, as mentioned above, the generative artificial intelligence technologies we incorporate into our business may result in unanticipated environmental or social impacts, including discriminatory results, which could harm our business or reputation. In addition, we may experience increased costs and devote additional resources in order to develop, monitor, report, implement or maintain various ESG practices, controls or measures, and execute upon our goals and measure achievement of those goals, which could have an adverse impact on our business and financial condition. If we are lagging or unsuccessful, or perceived to be lagging or unsuccessful, in each case to meet the ESG standards or the expectations of our various stakeholders, it could negatively impact our reputation, customer acquisition and retention, and access to capital and employees.
 
In addition, investors may focus on ESG business practices and sustainability scores when making investments and may consider negative or low ESG or sustainability scores as a reputational or other factor in making an investment decision. Investors may use such ESG scores to measure or benchmark our company against our peers and if we exhibit lower or inadequate rating, these investors may require us to improve our ESG performance and disclosure and may also make investment or voting decisions on that basis. To the extent ESG matters negatively impact our reputation, it may also impede our ability to compete as effectively to attract and retain employees, customers, or business partners, which may adversely impact our operations. In addition, we expect there will likely be increasing levels of regulation, disclosure-related and otherwise, with respect to ESG matters. For example, the SEC very recently adopted rules that will require companies to provide certain climate-related disclosures. While we are still assessing the scope and impact of this rule given how recently it was adopted, we anticipate that this rule, as well as other ESG and sustainability-related regulation and legislation, may require us to incur significant additional costs to comply, including the implementation of significant additional internal controls, processes and procedures regarding matters that have not been subject to such controls in the past, and impose increased oversight obligations on our management and board of directors. These and other stakeholder expectations will likely lead to increased costs as well as scrutiny that could heighten all of the risks identified in this risk factor. Additionally, many of our suppliers and business partners may be subject to similar expectations, which may augment or create additional risks, including risks that may not be known to us.
15
 
Focus on long-term ESG performance and meeting our goals and values may adversely affect our short-term performance.
 
ESG goals and performance could affect the way we operate and require us to take certain actions, long-term initiatives or goals or implement and maintain certain processes. We may therefore action in certain ways that we believe will benefit our company, business and customers in the long-term or over a period of time, even if such actions may not adhere to or maximize shorter-term operational or financial results. We may amend or adapt our policies in ways that we believe will be beneficial to our customers, employees or investors in the long term even though the changes may be perceived unfavorably in the shorter-term. Moreover, we may fail to meet longer-term goals or achieve benefits derived from such goals, or benefits may not materialize as and when we expected or at all.
 
We are subject to a series of risks regarding climate change.
 
There are inherent climate-related risks wherever business is conducted. Certain of our facilities, as well as our and third-party infrastructure on which we rely, are or may be located in areas that have experienced, and are projected to or may continue to experience, various meteorological phenomena (such as drought, heatwaves, wildfire, storms, and flooding, among others) or other catastrophic events that may disrupt our or our merchant or vendors’ operations, require us to incur additional operating or capital expenditures including costs associated with energy and water, or otherwise adversely impact our business, financial condition, or results of operations. Climate change may increase the frequency and/or intensity of such events. Climate change may also contribute to various chronic changes in the physical environment, such as sea-level rise or changes in ambient temperature or precipitation patterns, which may also adversely impact our or our suppliers’ operations. While we consider and may take various actions to mitigate our business risks associated with climate change, this may require us to incur substantial costs and may not be successful, due to, among other things, the uncertainty associated with the longer-term projections associated with managing climate risk. For example, to the extent catastrophic events become more frequent, it may adversely impact the availability or cost of insurance.
 
Additionally, we expect to be subject to risks associated with societal efforts to mitigate or otherwise respond to climate change, including but not limited to increased regulations, evolving stakeholder expectations, and changes in market demand. For more information, please see our risk factor titled “The increasing focus and scrutiny of, and evolving expectations regarding, environmental, social, governance and other sustainability practices could increase our costs, harm our reputation or customer acquisition and retention, our access to capital and employee retention or otherwise adversely impact our financial results.” Changing market dynamics, global and domestic policy developments, and the increasing frequency and impact of meteorological phenomena have the potential to disrupt our business, the business of our suppliers and/or customers, or otherwise adversely impact our business, financial condition, or results of operations.
16
 
Our operations are subject to seasonal fluctuations. If we fail to accommodate increased volumes during peak seasons and events, our results of operations may be adversely affected.
 
Our business is seasonal in nature and the fourth quarter is a significant period for our operating results. Our revenue is closely correlated with the level of GMV that our merchants generate through our platform, and our merchants typically process additional GMV in the fourth quarter, which includes Black Friday, Cyber Monday and the holiday season and other peak events included in the e-commerce calendar, such as Chinese Singles’ Day and Thanksgiving. In the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, fourth quarter GMV represented approximately 35%, 34% and 33%, respectively, of our total GMV. As a result, GMV and accordingly our revenue has previously and we expect will continue to generally decline in the first quarter of each year relative to the fourth quarter of the previous year.
 
Any disruption in our ability to process and ship orders, especially during the fourth quarter, could have a negative effect on our quarterly and annual operating results. Surges in volumes during peak periods may strain our technological infrastructure, logistics channels, shopper and merchant support activities as well as our third-party service providers. Inability of any of these components to process increased volumes may prevent us from efficiently processing and shipping orders, which may reduce our GMV and the attractiveness of our platform.
 
Any disruption to our operations or the operations of our merchants, our shipping and logistics partners, or other service providers could lead to a material decrease in GMV or revenues relative to our expectations for the fourth quarter which could result in a significant shortfall in revenue and operating cash flows for the full year.
 
The recent growth of our company and macroeconomic events and their impact on consumer behavior make it difficult to forecast our revenue and evaluate our business and future prospects.
 
We launched our operations in 2013 and our growth has occurred primarily in recent periods. As a result of our limited operating history as a public company, our ability to forecast our future results of operations and plan for and model future growth is limited and subject to a number of uncertainties. We have encountered and expect to continue to encounter risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidly evolving industries, such as the risks and uncertainties described herein.
 
Accordingly, we may be unable to prepare accurate internal financial forecasts or replace anticipated revenue that we do not receive as a result of these factors. If we do not address these risks successfully, our results of operations could differ materially from our estimates and forecasts or the expectations of investors, causing our business to suffer and our ordinary share price to decline.
 
In addition, market-wide events including global health crises and pandemics, increases in interest rates, inflation, political uncertainty or instability, regional and global conflicts and military hostilities, any of which are outside of our control, could impact our revenue and operating results and makes it difficult to forecast our revenue and evaluate our business and future prospects. For example, inflationary pressures and rising interest rates in key markets have influenced and in the future may influence consumer sentiment and could have a negative effect on consumer spend.
 
Failure to effectively expand our marketing and sales capabilities could harm our ability to increase our merchant base and achieve broader market acceptance of our platform.
 
Our ability to increase our merchant base and achieve broader market acceptance of our platforms will depend on our ability to expand our marketing and sales operations. We plan to continue expanding our sales force and our reliance on strategic partners. We also plan to dedicate significant resources to sales and marketing programs, including search engines and online advertising. Our business and operating results will be harmed if our sales and marketing efforts do not generate a corresponding increase in GMV and revenue. We may not achieve anticipated GMV and revenue growth from expanding our sales force if we are unable to hire, develop, and retain talented sales personnel, if our new sales personnel are unable to achieve desired productivity levels in a reasonable period of time, or if our sales and marketing programs are not effective. Furthermore, if the cost of marketing our platforms increases, our business and operating results could be adversely affected.
17
 
Lengthy sales cycles with enterprise merchants make it difficult to predict our future revenue and cause variability in our operating results.
 
Our sales cycle can vary substantially from merchant to merchant, but with enterprise merchants it typically requires 12 to 16 weeks on average. Our ability to accurately forecast revenue is affected by our ability to forecast new merchant acquisition. Lengthy sales cycles make it difficult to predict the quarter in which revenue from a new merchant may first be recognized. If we overestimate new merchant growth, our revenue will not grow as quickly as our estimates, our costs and expenses may continue to exceed our revenue and our ability to become profitable will be harmed. In addition, we plan our operating expenses, including sales and marketing expenses, and our hiring needs in part on our forecasts of new merchant growth and future revenue. If new merchant growth or revenue for a particular period is lower than expected, we may not be able to proportionately reduce our operating expenses for that period, which could harm our operating results for that period. Delays in our sales cycles could cause significant variability in our revenue and operating results for any particular period.
 
Our long-term success depends on our ability to operate internationally, making us susceptible to risks associated with global sales and operations.
 
We currently support global transactions of merchants in multiple countries of origin to shoppers in over 200 destinations markets and territories and settle transactions in more than 100 currencies. Our services and platforms are available to merchants in over 30 countries, and we aim to expand our operations and workforce to support more outbound countries, and reach new markets and geographies. Conducting international operations subjects us to risks and burdens which include:
 
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the need to localize our solutions, including product customizations and adaptation for local practices and regulatory requirements; 
   
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lack of familiarity and burdens of ongoing compliance with local laws, legal standards, regulatory requirements, tariffs, local tax regimes and customs formalities and other barriers, including restrictions on advertising practices, regulations governing online services, restrictions on importation or shipping of specified or proscribed items, importation quotas, shopper protection laws, enforcement of intellectual property rights, laws dealing with shopper and data protection, privacy, encryption, denied parties and sanctions, and restrictions on pricing or discounts; 
   
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heightened exposure to fraud;
   
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legal uncertainty in foreign countries with less developed legal systems;
   
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potentially greater difficulty to execute and enforce contracts, including our terms of service and other agreements despite our efforts to adjust our contracts and service terms to local laws and regulations;
   
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increasing scrutiny and disclosure requirements regarding ESG policies, practices, measures and initiatives;
   
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unexpected changes in regulatory requirements, taxes, trade laws, tariffs, export quotas, custom duties or customs formalities, embargoes, exchange controls, government controls or other trade restrictions;
   
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differing technology standards;
   
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difficulties in managing and staffing international operations and differing employer/employee relationships;
   
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fluctuations in exchange rates that may increase our foreign exchange exposure;
   
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potentially adverse tax consequences, including the complexities of foreign tax laws (including with respect to value added taxes) and restrictions on the repatriation of earnings;

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increased likelihood of potential or actual violations of domestic and international anti-money laundering laws and anticorruption laws, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the U.K. Bribery Act;
   
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uncertain political, national and economic climates in foreign markets;
   
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geo-political or national conflicts and situations, including the ongoing Russia/Ukraine conflict and the recent attack by Hamas and Israel’s war against it, the military tension between Israel and the Hezbollah organization on the northern border of Israel as well as other hostile forces in the region, and heightened rates of inflation and recessionary pressures in various countries, that directly (e.g. by virtue of war zones not being serviceable at all) or indirectly affect our operations, consumer sentiment or e-commerce activities in general;
   
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rapidly rising inflation across the U.S. and global economy, driving up the costs of goods and services; 
   
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managing and staffing operations over a broader geographic area with varying cultural norms and customs;
   
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varying levels of internet, e-commerce and mobile technology adoption and infrastructure;
   
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reduced or varied protection for intellectual property rights in some countries;
   
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new and different sources of competition;
   
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costs and liabilities related to compliance with the numerous and ever-growing landscape of international data privacy and cybersecurity regimes, many of which involve disparate standards and enforcement approaches; and
   
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data privacy and data protection laws which may require that merchant and/or shopper data be processed and stored in a designated territory.
 
These factors may require significant management attention and financial resources. Any negative impact from our international business efforts could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 
We rely on third-party services, such as shipping partners and payment providers, in our platforms and services.
 
We rely on third parties, such as our shipping partners, to deliver products from the merchants to the shoppers. Shortages of transportation vessels, transportation disruptions or other adverse conditions in the transportation industry due to shortages of pilots and truck drivers, strikes, slowdowns, piracy, terrorism, disruptions in rail service, closures of shipping routes, unavailability of ports and port service for other reasons, increases in fuel prices and adverse weather conditions, or other adverse changes related to such third-party services, including as a result of pandemics or the measures attempting to contain and mitigate the effects thereof, could increase our costs and disrupt our operations and our ability to deliver products from the merchants to our shoppers on the timing they expect or at all. The failure of our shipping partners to provide quality customer service when delivering products to shoppers would adversely affect the merchants and our relationships with the merchants which in turn could negatively impact our business and operating results. Furthermore, we rely on third parties to process payments and we cannot guarantee that such providers will perform adequately. Errors made by, or delays in service from, such third-party providers could adversely affect our ability to process payments and process purchases by shoppers on our platforms in a timely manner or at all, which could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.
 
Our success will depend on our ability to build and maintain relationships with these and other third-party service providers on commercially reasonable terms. If we are unable to build and maintain such relationships on commercially reasonable terms, we may have to suspend or cease operations. Even if we are able to build and maintain such relationships, if these third parties are unable to deliver their services on a timely basis, shoppers could become dissatisfied and decline to make future purchases from the merchants, which would adversely affect our revenue. If the merchants become dissatisfied with the services provided by these third parties, our reputation and our business could suffer.
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Our provision of shipping services is dependent on third-party providers of cross-docking services for which we have limited redundancy. To the extent that we may be unable to secure comparable services in the countries in which we operate, the ongoing operation of our business may be adversely affected.
 
In some countries in which we operate, we rely on third-party providers of “cross-docking services” to collect, sort and prepare for cross-border shipping the products sold by merchants through our platforms. We generally employ a single provider of cross-docking services in such outbound markets due to a paucity of providers and minimum volume requirements imposed by such providers. Our ability to ship products in a timely manner is dependent on our ability to secure cross-docking services and in the event that we cannot secure them in specific geographies, or are unable to secure them at competitive prices or with adequate service reliability and availability, our operations may be adversely affected. Moreover, if a cross-docking service provider fails to provide the service, our operations will be adversely affected until such time that we are able to shift to an alternative provider.
 
Operating as merchant of record for sales conducted using our platforms imposes certain obligations and subjects us to certain risks applicable to actors that make available or place products in the market such as product liability, shipping compliance, and waste and packaging compliance.
 
Our business model and activities are predicated upon our operating as the merchant of record (“MoR”) of the products sold through our platforms. As a result of us being identified as a seller rather than the merchants, we could bear responsibility for the products and may be liable for product liability claims brought by our shoppers or other third parties, and we may be subject to various regulatory compliance requirements, such as waste and packaging compliance. Although we have policies in place crafted to ensure compliance and reduce risk of such liabilities, for example by avoiding the sale of products that we determine to be “high risk” or by making proper disclosures in our ‘terms of sale’ and although our commercial arrangements with the merchants typically require the merchants to cover such liabilities, it is possible that we may be subject to product liability or other compliance or similar regulations or litigation and may incur various related costs which may or may not be fully covered by our contractual arrangements or insurance coverage. Furthermore, any actual or alleged non-compliance on our part in a specific geography may not be treated by local authorities as an isolated event. Heightened scrutiny by local authorities in a specific geography could impede our local activities irrespective of the product vertical or merchant from which the products originated.
 
As MoR, we could be adversely affected if the packages provided by the merchants do not contain the correct articles ordered by the shopper, or if articles and the packages provided by the merchants are not shipped in compliance with applicable rules or do not contain all requisite documentation for cross-border shipping. Failure to ensure such compliance may result in shipping delays or diminished shopper satisfaction, result in confiscation or destruction of articles and payment of additional costs, fines or assessments from our fulfillment partners and other third parties, which in turn may adversely affect our results of operations.
 
While merchandise is in our possession, we bear the risk of loss. While the majority of merchants are responsible for transporting the goods to our facilities, certain of our merchant agreements require us to take possession of products for an extended period of time. To the extent that products are damaged, lost or stolen during the period in which we bear the risk of loss, our business may be adversely affected.
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Payment transactions through our e-commerce platforms subject us to regulatory requirements, additional fees, and other risks that could be costly and difficult to comply with or that could harm our business. 
 
Our business depends on our ability to process a wide range of payment methods, including credit and debit cards, as well as other alternative payment methods and this ability is facilitated by the payment card and alternative payment networks. We do not directly acquire the payment card networks that enable our acceptance of payment cards and alternative payment methods. As a result, we must rely on banks, acquiring processors and other third-party payment processors to process transactions on our behalf. These third parties perform the card processing, currency exchange, identity verification and fraud analysis services. These third parties may fail or refuse to process transactions adequately, may breach their agreements with us, or may refuse to renegotiate or renew these agreements on terms that are favorable or commercially reasonable. They might also take actions that degrade the functionality of our services, impose additional costs or requirements on us, or give preferential treatment to competitive competing services, including their own services. If we are unsuccessful in establishing, renegotiating or maintaining mutually beneficial relationships with these payment card networks, banks and acquiring processors, our business may be harmed.
 
We are required by our third-party payment processors to comply with payment card network operating rules, including the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (“PCI DSS”), and we have agreed to reimburse our payment processors for any fees or fines that they are assessed by payment card networks as a result of any rule violations by us or our merchants. The payment card schemes have discretion to determine, change and interpret the card rules, and our third-party payment processors are required to assess our compliance with the card scheme rules, and may make assessments or determinations that are unfavorable to our business model. In past assessments of us operating as MoR, we demonstrated our compliance with MoR operating rules and demonstrated that we should not be subject to compliance with other operating rules (e.g. such as those applicable to “payment facilitators”). There is no assurance that the third-party payment processors or their payment card networks will not re-evaluate that conclusion, or   make a different determination in the future. If such third-party payment processors or their payment card networks were to determine that we must comply with other operating rules, we may be subject to additional regulations, might incur higher compliance costs, and may be required to modify certain aspects of our platforms and service offering in order to maintain compliance, which may have an adverse impact on our business.
 
If we fail to comply with the payment card network rules, we would be in breach of our contractual obligations to our third-party payment processors, financial institutions, partners and merchants. Such failure to comply may subject us to fines, penalties, damages, higher transaction fees and civil liability, and could eventually prevent us from processing or accepting payment methods or could lead to a loss of a third-party payment processor. Further, there is no guarantee that, even if we are in compliance with such rules or requirements, such compliance will prevent illegal or improper use of our payment systems or the theft, loss, or misuse of data pertaining to credit and debit cards, credit and debit card holders, and credit and debit card transactions.
 
In addition, we face the risk that one or more payment card networks or other third-party payment processors may, at any time, assess penalties against us or our merchants, or terminate our ability to accept credit card payments or other forms of online payments from shoppers, which would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.
 
We are subject to anti-money laundering regulations and related compliance costs and third-party risks.
 
We are or may be subject to anti-money laundering laws and regulations that prohibit, among other things, involvement in receiving and/or transferring the proceeds of criminal activities, or doing business with, or rendering service to, certain individuals or organizations, and impose obligations on us to identify such persons (or their ultimate beneficiaries) or users and request certain information and documentation that, in certain circumstances, must be shared with third-party payment card networks or other third-party payment processors or by other third parties such as Shopify or other platforms, or with government or regulators institutions. Because laws and regulations differ in each of the jurisdictions where we operate, and because some requirements may be imposed by the card scheme or the payment processors in other countries, additional verification and reporting requirements could apply. These regulations requirements, as well as any future regulation and any additional restrictions imposed by credit card associations, could raise our costs significantly and reduce the attractiveness of our services or platform. Failure to comply with anti-money laundering laws could result in significant criminal and civil lawsuits, penalties, and forfeiture of significant assets.
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We may be required by our third-party payment card networks or other third-party payment processors or by other third parties such as Shopify or other platforms to check, confirm and assure the identity of beneficial owners of our merchants, or to determine they are duly and legally organized, or perform other compliancy assessments, generally known and referred to as ‘know your customer’ or ‘KYC’ or ‘know your business’ or ‘KYB’. Certain e-commerce platforms may offer qualifying merchants to operate a D2C e-commerce store on such platforms, for example Shopify Markets Pro. Merchants using such platforms may onboard directly through the platform operator (e.g. Shopify), and we may not collect the information required to perform KYC or KYB directly. While we have effected internal control processes to perform compliancy assessments, if we are unable to collect the information required to properly perform KYC or KYB, or if we are unable to obtain such collected information, or if we collect or obtain such KYC/KYB data and are unable to conduct a proper assessment and validation, or if we have properly conducted an assessment but failed to take action as needed, we face the risk that one or more payment card networks or other third-party payment processors may, at any time, assess penalties against us or our merchants, or terminate our ability to accept credit card payments or other forms of online payments from shoppers, which would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.
 
We are subject to governmental sanctions and export controls that may subject us to liability if we are not in full compliance with applicable economic sanctions and export control laws.
 
Our activities are subject to certain economic sanctions and export control laws and regulations that prohibit or restrict transactions or dealings with certain countries, regions, governments and persons targeted by U.S., Israel, E.U. or other applicable jurisdictions’ embargoes or sanctions. As a result, we bear the responsibility for ensuring that transactions processed through our platforms are conducted in compliance with such laws and regulations. U.S., Israel and E.U. sanctions may change from time to time, and the countries, regions, governments and persons that are sanctioned by each jurisdiction may be different. Ensuring compliance with applicable export control laws and regulations requires ongoing efforts and resources. Identifying commerce with, or sales made to, sanctioned countries or denied parties and obtaining export licenses or other authorizations for a particular product sale may be time-consuming and may result in the delay or loss of sales opportunities even if the export license ultimately may be granted. We generally apply precautions to prevent sales to sanctioned countries and denied parties, such as screening against listed denied parties and blocking sales at the point of checkout; however, we cannot guarantee that the precautions we take will prevent all violations of applicable export control and sanctions laws. We are aware that certain sales of immaterial value and volume made by certain of our non-Israeli merchants through our platforms, operated by one or more of our non-Israeli subsidiaries, to a specific country (not sanctioned under U.S. or E.U. laws), as to which country we apply the foregoing precautions, are not in compliance with certain Israeli export laws. Violations of U.S., Israeli or E.U. sanctions or export control laws may result in penalties and significant fines and possible incarceration of responsible employees and managers could be imposed for criminal violations of these laws.
 
If our carriers and brokers fail to file or obtain appropriate import, export or re-export declarations, licenses or permits, we may also be adversely affected, through reputational harm as well as other negative consequences, including government investigations and penalties. We presently incorporate export control compliance requirements into our strategic partner agreements; however, no assurance can be given that our partners will comply with such requirements.
 
Trade Controls by the U.S. and other governments enacted due to geopolitics or otherwise (for example, the war in Ukraine has prompted the U.S. and other governments to impose new Trade Controls and sanctions on Russia, among other countries), and any counter-sanctions enacted in response, could continue to disrupt international commerce and the global economy, and could restrict our ability to operate, generate or collect revenue in certain other countries, which could adversely affect our business. While, we do not have operations or a material customer base in either Russia or Ukraine, an escalation of the conflict or expansion of sanctions could further disrupt global supply chains, broaden inflationary costs, and have a material adverse effect on our customers, vendors and financial markets. 
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We are subject to the import regulations and restrictions of each country to which we ship merchandise and non-compliance with such regulations may subject us to liability and may impede our ability to provide services in specific geographies in the future.
 
Import and export regulations and restrictions vary by country, product and quantity and require costly resources in order to ensure compliance. While we take precautions in order to avoid non-compliance with these restrictions, including focusing on products that carry lower inherent risk of being subject to import/export restrictions and avoiding highly regulated industries, some of the products offered using our platforms may be subject to such restrictions. For example, the United States Food and Drug Administration regulates the import of sunglasses as medical devices, and the Australian Department of Agriculture regulates the import of timber, wood articles or bamboo related products. Non-compliance with the local import rules and restrictions applicable to such products may cause our products to be detained, confiscated, or destroyed at the port of entry.
 
Additionally, there are increasing expectations in various jurisdictions that companies monitor the environmental and social performance of their suppliers, including compliance with a variety of labor practices, as well as consider a wider range of potential environmental and social matters, including ecolabelling or the end of life considerations for products. Compliance can be costly, require us to establish or augment programs to diligence or monitor certain third parties. Failure to comply with such regulations can result in fines, reputational damage, import ineligibility for products, or otherwise adversely impact our business or the business of our merchants.
 
In addition, because we operate as MoR, in the event that we are flagged by a specific country due to non-compliance with import restrictions applicable to a specific product or vertical our ability to continue to import such product in the future may be impeded, regardless of the identity of the merchant from which the product originates. If our service offerings are curtailed to exclude the import of whole verticals to specific countries, or if we are barred from importing products of any vertical to specific countries, our GMV attributable to such destination markets may decrease, our reputation will be harmed, and our platforms will become less attractive to our current and future merchants.
 
Our business relies on the personal importation model and its applicability to the products provided to shoppers. Any modification of the rules, requirements or applicability of this model may adversely affect our business.
 
The products provided by the merchants to shoppers are shipped to and imported by the shopper for personal rather than commercial use. Each country determines its own rules and criteria for an import to qualify as importation for personal use, and determines which, if any, licenses, certifications, registrations, fees, quantity limitations and obligations apply to such an import. In the event that certain countries modify their personal importation rules, or impose additional compliance requirements or limitations related to this form of import, it could have an adverse effect on the cross-border e-commerce market as a whole, and may reduce the demand for cross-border e-commerce purchases. This in turn would reduce the demand for our platforms and services and have an adverse effect on our business and result of operations.
 
Additionally, we are witnessing an evolving and developing regulatory trend whereby the burden to adhere to certain legislations and regulatory requirements shifts to or is shared by the distributors, platform providers and other parties involved in the fulfilment chain of products (in addition to manufacturers), even if such parties are not established in the country of importation and where the import is carried out by the shopper as a personal-import. For example, the EU has recently enacted a new Product Safety Regulation that will impose certain additional requirements on our merchants and on us. In the event that such regulations would nonetheless apply to personal importation rules, it could have an adverse effect on the cross-border e-commerce market as a whole, and may reduce the offering of cross-border e-commerce products to such regulated destinations. This in turn would reduce the demand for our platforms and services and have an adverse effect on our business and result of operations.
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We store personal information of merchants and shoppers. To the extent our security measures are compromised, our platforms may be perceived as not being secure. This may result in merchants curtailing or ceasing their use of our platforms, our reputation being harmed, our incurring of significant regulatory and monetary liabilities, and adverse effects on our results of operations and growth prospects.
 
Our operations involve the storage and transmission of data, including personal information and other confidential information of our third-party providers, merchants and shoppers, on our systems and the systems of third-party service providers we rely on. Third-party applications that we rely on for provision of certain services, such as acquiring processors also store personal information, payment card information, and other confidential information. We have experienced and expect to continue to experience actual and attempted cyber-attacks in varying degrees of our IT networks, such as through phishing scams and ransomware. Although none of these actual or attempted cyber-attacks has had a material adverse impact on our operations or financial condition, we cannot guarantee that such incidents will not have such an impact in the future. We face numerous and evolving cybersecurity risks that threaten the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our systems and information. Cyberattacks and other malicious internet-based activity continue to increase globally in frequency and magnitude, and cloud-based platform providers of services are expected to continue to be targeted. Threats include traditional computer “hackers,” malicious code (such as viruses, ransomware and worms), social engineering/phishing, employee malfeasance or misuse, human or technological error, as a result of bugs, misconfigurations or exploited vulnerabilities in software or hardware and denial-of-service attacks. Sophisticated nation-states and nation-state-supported actors now engage in such attacks, including advanced persistent threat intrusions. Although we do not store payment card information, hackers and adverse third parties may mistake us for the merchants, causing them to target us in order to obtain payment card information.
 
We have implemented a variety of security protocols, network protection mechanisms and other security measures into our internal systems, networks and physical facilities designed to protect confidentiality, integrity and availability of our systems and information. However, there is no assurance that such measures will be adequate to prevent or detect service interruption, system failure, data loss or theft, or other material adverse consequences, directly or through our vendors or that such measures will be fully implemented, complied with at all times. Despite efforts to create security barriers to such threats, it is virtually impossible for us to entirely mitigate these risks. If our security measures are compromised as a result of third-party action, human error, malfeasance, stolen or fraudulently obtained log-in credentials, technical malfunction or otherwise, our reputation could be damaged, our business may be harmed, and we could incur significant liability (including, but not limited to, fines imposed by data privacy authorities and costs related to litigation).
 
Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or sabotage systems change frequently and generally are not identified until they are launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. Threat actors are also increasingly using sophisticated tools – including artificial intelligence – designed to circumvent security controls, evade detection and remove forensic evidence. Therefore, the measures we take or the controls, policies, procedures and personnel we have in place may not be enough to detect, prevent, and overcome such attacks. Additionally, because we rely on third-party and public-cloud infrastructure, we are reliant in part on third-party security measures to protect against unauthorized access, cyberattacks, and the mishandling of shopper and merchant data. Even if such a data breach did not arise out of our action or inaction, or if it were to affect our competition rather than us, the resulting concern could negatively affect merchants, shoppers and our business. Because our products and services are integrated with our merchants’ systems and processes, any circumvention or failure of our cybersecurity defenses or measures could compromise the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our merchants’ own systems and/or our merchants’ proprietary or other sensitive information. Concerns regarding data privacy and security may cause some of our merchants to stop using our platforms and fail to renew their agreements with us. In addition, failures to meet merchants’ or shoppers’ expectations with respect to security and confidentiality of their data and information could damage our reputation and affect our ability to retain merchants, attract new merchants, and grow our business. Furthermore, failure to comply with legal or contractual requirements around the security of personal information could lead to significant fines and penalties, as well as claims by merchants and shoppers. Regardless of merit, these proceedings or violations could force us to spend money in defense or settlement of these proceedings, result in the imposition of monetary liability or injunctive relief, divert management’s time and attention, increase our costs of doing business, and materially adversely affect our reputation and the demand for our platform.
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A cybersecurity event could have significant costs and adversely harm our business, including regulatory investigations and enforcement actions, litigation (including class action), litigation indemnity obligations, remediation costs, including incident response, system restoration or remediation and future compliance costs, network downtime, loss of existing and future customers, increases in insurance premiums, and reputational damage. We cannot guarantee that any costs and liabilities incurred in relation to an attack or incident will be covered by our existing insurance policies or that applicable insurance will be available to us in the future on economically reasonable terms or at all. If we experience, or are perceived to experience in the future, security incidents that impair the performance of our platforms or create availability problems or the loss, compromise or unauthorized disclosure of personal data or other sensitive information, or if we fail to respond appropriately to any security incidents that we may experience, or are perceived to do so, merchants may become unwilling to provide us the information necessary to set up an account with us. Existing merchants may also stop utilizing our platforms, and shoppers may decrease their purchases, or close their accounts with us altogether. Any of these results could harm our growth prospects, our business, and our reputation for maintaining a trusted e-commerce platform.
 
Interruptions or delays in the services provided by third-party data centers or internet service providers could impair our platforms and our business could suffer.
 
We rely on the internet and, accordingly, depend upon the continuous, reliable, and secure operation of internet servers, related hardware and software, and network infrastructure. Any damage to, failure or delay of our systems would prevent us from operating our business.
 
We host our platforms using third-party data centers and providers of cloud infrastructure services. We currently use one third-party provider for these data and cloud services. Our operations depend on protecting the virtual cloud infrastructure hosted by this cloud services provider by maintaining its configuration, architecture, and interconnection specifications, as well as the information stored in these virtual data centers and transmitted by third-party internet service providers. Furthermore, we have no physical access to or control over the services provided by our cloud services provider. Although we have disaster recovery plans that utilize multiple locations, the data centers that we use are vulnerable to damage or interruption from human error, intentional bad acts, earthquakes, floods, fires, severe storms, war, terrorist attacks, power losses, hardware failures, systems failures, telecommunications failures, and similar events, many of which are beyond our control, any of which could disrupt our service, destroy our data, or prevent us from being able to continuously back up or record changes in our platforms. Certain of these events may become more frequent or intense as a result of climate change. For more information, see our risk factor titled “We are subject to a series of risks regarding climate change.” In the event of significant physical damage to one of these data centers, it may take a significant period of time to achieve full resumption of our services, we may incur data loss during the service resumption process and our disaster recovery planning may not account for all eventualities. Further, a prolonged service disruption to our cloud services provider, affecting our platforms for any of the foregoing reasons could damage our reputation with current and potential organizations, expose us to liability, cause us to lose merchants and shoppers, or otherwise harm our business. We may also incur significant costs for using alternative equipment or taking other actions in preparation for, or in reaction to, events that damage the systems we use. Damage or interruptions to these data centers could harm our business. Moreover, negative publicity arising from these types of disruptions could damage our reputation and may adversely impact use of our solutions and platform. We may not carry sufficient business interruption insurance to compensate us for losses that may occur as a result of any events that cause interruptions in our service. Further, the contractual commitments that we provide to merchants on our platforms as well as our third-party providers with regard to data privacy and security are limited by the commitments that our third-party cloud infrastructure services provider has provided us and these measures may not fully address the risks associated with the third-party processing, storage and transmission of such information. Any violation of data or security laws by our third party providers could adversely impact our business.
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Our cloud services providers enable us to order and reserve server capacity in varying amounts and sizes distributed across multiple regions. In addition, our cloud services providers provide us with computing and storage capacity pursuant to terms of service that continue until terminated by either party. If we do not accurately predict our infrastructure capacity requirements, merchants could experience service shortfalls which could interrupt the performance of our platforms, which could adversely affect the perception of its reliability and our revenue and harm the sales and business of our merchants. We may also be unable to effectively address capacity constraints, upgrade our systems as needed and continually develop our technology and network architecture to accommodate actual and anticipated changes in technology.
 
Our platforms are utilized by a large number of merchants, and as we continue to expand the number of merchants and shoppers, we may not be able to scale our technology to accommodate the increased capacity requirements, which may result in interruptions or delays in service. Merchants often draw significant numbers of shoppers over short periods of time (typically during events such as new product releases, holiday shopping season and flash sales). In the event that merchants conduct a high volume of sales in a short period of time, we may not be capable of securing the then-necessary capacity for such traffic which may cause a degradation in the quality of our platforms and services. Furthermore, if we are incapable of anticipating high traffic levels and reserving server capacity accordingly, our platforms and services may be adversely affected. In addition, the failure of our cloud services provider’s data centers or third-party internet service providers to meet our capacity requirements could impede our ability to scale our operations. In some cases, our cloud services providers may terminate the agreement upon 30 days’ notice. Termination of the agreement may harm our ability to access data centers we need to host our platforms or to do so on terms as favorable as those we currently have in place. We currently rely exclusively on one cloud services provider for our cloud infrastructures and therefore a transition to an alternative provider may take time, cause us to incur additional costs and reduce the quality and functionality of our platforms.
 
Increases in shipping rates could negatively impact our profits generated through shipping services.
 
Shipping rates and surcharges are volatile and subject to market fluctuations. A portion of our revenues is generated through shipping services provided through our shipping and logistics partners. Therefore, a substantial increase in shipping rates may reduce our margins from shipping services. Although some of such cost would be borne by merchants and shoppers, significant increases of costs may diminish demand for cross-border e-commerce, reduce the attractiveness of our service among merchants and adversely affect our results of operations.
 
Fluctuations in the exchange rate of foreign currencies have adversely impacted and in the future could continue to impact our results of operations.
 
A majority of our purchase and sale transactions are carried out in different currencies and we bear the risk of diminution in value of the shopper’s purchasing currency in the interim periods between the transaction stages (e.g. placement/payment and returns/refund). We may incur additional costs and experience losses resulting from fluctuations in exchange rates.
 
While our financial reporting currency is U.S. Dollars, a significant share of our revenues is denominated in foreign currencies, including Pounds Sterling and Euros, and may in the future have significant sales denominated in the currencies of additional countries, which may negatively impact our reported revenues as a result of fluctuations in currency exchange rates vis-à-vis the U.S. Dollar. In addition, we incur a substantial portion of our operating expenses in New Israeli Shekels, Pounds Sterling and U.S. Dollars, and to a lesser extent, other foreign currencies. We may incur additional costs and experience losses resulting from fluctuations in exchange rates for revenues in foreign currencies or upon translation of New Israeli Shekels expenses incurred in Israel, Euros expenses incurred in Europe or Pounds Sterling expenses incurred in the United Kingdom, to U.S. Dollars which may negatively impact our operating results.
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If we fail to offer high quality support, our business and reputation could suffer.
 
Merchants rely on our personnel for support related to our platforms and services. High-quality support is important for maintaining, renewing and expanding our agreements with existing merchants and maintaining our reputation among merchants. As we expand our business and pursue engagements with new merchants, the importance of high-quality support will increase, and we expect to incur additional support related costs in order to meet the requirements of our new and future merchants. If we do not help merchants and shoppers quickly to resolve issues and provide effective ongoing support, our ability to retain existing merchants and attract new merchants could suffer and our reputation could be harmed.
 
If we fail to enhance our reputation and awareness of our platforms, our ability to expand the number of merchants using our platforms and increase our GMV will be impaired, our reputation may be harmed, and our business, results of operations, and financial condition may suffer.
 
We believe that developing and maintaining awareness and a favorable reputation is critical to achieving widespread acceptance of our platforms and services and is an important element in attracting new merchants to our platforms, and retaining existing merchants. Furthermore, we believe that the importance of brand recognition will increase as competition in our market increases. Our ability to increase awareness will depend largely on the effectiveness of our marketing efforts, our ability to ensure that our platforms and services remain of high quality, reliable, and useful at competitive prices, our ability to maintain our merchants’ trust, our ability to continue to develop new functionality and solutions, and our ability to successfully differentiate our platforms.
 
Efforts to increase awareness may not yield increased revenue, and even if they do, any increased revenue may not offset the expenses we incur. In addition, we may fail to successfully integrate or retain the acquired personnel, operations and technologies or effectively manage the combined business following the completion of acquisitions, such as the Flow Merger or Borderfree Acquisition, or fail to fully achieve the expected benefits of such acquisitions or fail to retain merchants operating on such acquired platforms. If we fail to successfully promote our platforms, incur substantial expenses in an unsuccessful attempt to promote our platforms, or fail to successfully transition, execute and grow the offerings derived from our newly acquired platforms into our business (for example, the Shopify Markets Pro offering), we may fail to attract new merchants, retain existing merchants or grow or maintain the volume of sales facilitated by our platforms to the extent necessary to realize a sufficient return on our marketing efforts, and our business, results of operations, and financial condition could suffer.
 
Our reputation may be harmed by our merchants’ or third-party service providers’ unethical business practices.
 
Our emphasis on our values makes our reputation particularly sensitive to allegations of unethical business practices by our merchants or third-party service providers. Our policies promote legal and ethical business practices. However, we do not control our merchants or third-party service providers or their business practices and cannot ensure that they comply with our policies. If our merchants or third-party service providers engage in illegal or unethical business practices or are perceived to do so, we may receive negative publicity and our reputation may be harmed.
 
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Mobile devices are very commonly used to conduct e-commerce transactions, and if our platforms and services do not operate as effectively when the merchants’ sites and checkout pages are accessed through these devices, the merchants’ experience will be negatively impacted, reducing merchant satisfaction with our platforms and services.
 
We are dependent on the interoperability of our platforms with third-party mobile devices, merchants’ mobile applications and mobile operating systems as well as web browsers. Changes in such devices, systems, applications or web browsers that degrade the functionality of our platforms could adversely affect adoption and usage of our platforms and services. For example, we provide our merchants with development libraries which allow for easy implementation of our platforms as well as bug and error fixes. Our merchants’ ability to timely utilize such libraries in order to fix bugs and errors is contingent on application stores (such as Google Play and Apple App Store) approving our software development kit and libraries. If such approval is not obtained in a timely manner, merchant may be delayed in fixing bugs and errors relating to the use of our platforms and may forgo the use of our solutions until an applicable error or bug fix is available. Mobile e-commerce and effective mobile functionality are integral both to our merchants and to our long-term growth strategy. If the functionality of our platforms is inhibited when access to our merchants’ stores is done through mobile devices, our business and operating results could be adversely affected.
 
We are dependent upon the continued use of the internet for commerce.
 
Our success depends upon the general public’s continued willingness to use the internet as a means to pay for purchases, communicate, access social media, research and conduct commercial transactions, including through mobile devices. Federal, state, or foreign government bodies or agencies have in the past adopted, and may in the future adopt, laws or regulations affecting the use of the internet as a commercial medium. The adoption of any laws or regulations that could reduce the growth, popularity, or use of the internet, including laws or practices limiting internet neutrality, could decrease the demand for, or the usage of, our platforms and services, increase our cost of doing business and harm our results of operations. Changes in these laws or regulations could require us to modify our platform, or certain aspects of it, in order to comply with these changes. In addition, government agencies or private organizations have imposed and may impose additional taxes, fees, or other charges for accessing the internet or commerce conducted via the internet. These laws or charges could limit the growth of internet-related commerce or communications generally, or result in reductions in the demand for internet-based platforms such as ours. In addition, the use of the internet could be harmed due to delays in the development or adoption of new standards and protocols to handle increased demands of internet activity, security, reliability, cost, ease-of-use, accessibility, and quality of service. Further, demand for our platforms depends on the quality of shoppers’ access to the internet. Certain features of our platforms may require significant bandwidth and fidelity to work effectively. Internet access is frequently provided by companies that have significant market power that could take actions that degrade, disrupt or increase the cost of access to our platforms, which would negatively impact our business. The performance of the internet and its acceptance as a commerce tool has been harmed by “viruses,” “worms” and similar malicious programs and the internet has experienced a variety of outages and other delays as a result of damage to portions of its infrastructure. If the use of the internet is adversely affected by these issues, demand for our platforms and services could decline. Additionally, if merchants or shoppers become unwilling or less willing to use the internet for commerce for any other reason, including lack of access to high-speed communications equipment, congestion of traffic on the internet, internet outages or delays, disruptions or other damage to merchants’ and shoppers computers, increases in the cost of accessing the internet and security and privacy risks or the perception of such risks, our business could be adversely affected. Finally, our success depends upon merchants continuing to pursue D2C sales as they seek to take advantage of e-commerce trends and gain ownership and knowledge of their international customers. If merchants cease to pursue D2C sales for any reason, including if such merchants prefer to sell their products on e-commerce marketplaces, our business could be adversely affected.
 
We are subject to stringent and changing laws, regulations, standards, and contractual obligations related to privacy, data protection, and data security. Our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could harm our business.
 
We receive, collect, store, process, share, transfer, disclose, and use personal data and other data relating to shoppers, customers, candidates, employees, website users, contractors and other persons. We are subject to numerous federal, state, local, and international laws, directives, and regulations regarding privacy, data protection, and data security and the collection, storing, sharing, use, processing, transfer, disclosure, and protection of personal data, the scope of which are changing, subject to differing interpretations, and may be inconsistent among jurisdictions or conflict with other legal and regulatory requirements. For example, the Israeli Privacy Protection Law 5741-1981 and its regulations, or the PPL, the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation, or the GDPR, the California Consumer Privacy Act, or the CCPA, as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act, and the data protection and security laws of other states and countries impose additional requirements with respect to disclosure and deletion of personal information of their residents, imposing penalties for violations and, in some cases, private right of action for data breaches. These laws, and similar legislation in other states and countries that are developing or have been recently enacted, impose transparency and other obligations with respect to personal data of their respective residents and provide residents with similar rights for certain types of data breaches. We are also subject to certain contractual obligations related to privacy, data protection and data security. We strive to comply with our policies and applicable laws, regulations, contractual obligations, and other legal obligations relating to privacy, data protection, and data security to the extent possible. However, the regulatory framework for privacy, data protection and data security worldwide is, and is likely to remain for the foreseeable future, uncertain and complex, and it is possible that these or other actual or alleged obligations may be interpreted and applied in a manner that we do not anticipate or that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another, including across the various jurisdictions in which we operate remotely and may conflict with our other legal obligations or our practices. Further, any significant change to applicable laws, regulations or industry practices regarding the collection, use, processing, storage, sharing, transferring, security or disclosure of data, or their interpretation, or any changes regarding the manner in which the consent of shoppers or other data subjects for the collection, use, processing, storage, sharing, transferring, or disclosure of such data must be obtained, could increase our costs and require us to modify our services and features, possibly in a material manner, which we may be unable to complete, and may limit our ability to collect, use, process, store, share, transfer, or disclose shopper data or develop new services and features.
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Certain data privacy legislation restricts the cross-border transfer of personal data and some countries introduced data localization into their laws. Specifically, regulations and laws such as the GDPR and other European and UK data protection laws generally prohibit the transfer of personal data to third countries, unless the transfer is to a country deemed to provide adequate protection (such as Israel, as the EU Commission has issued a decision on the adequacy of the level of protection of personal data in Israel) or the parties to the transfer have implemented specific safeguards to protect the transferred personal data. At the same time, European case law and guidance have imposed additional onerous requirements in relation to data transfers. Other jurisdictions such as Israel and China impose their own requirements to transfer personal data internationally, and regulators continue to propose new rules and guidance on the topic. We expect the existing legal complexity and uncertainty regarding international personal data transfers to continue in Europe and globally. If we do not implement the relevant transfer mechanism to transfer personal data or otherwise adequately comply with regulations and laws on international data transfers, we may violate or infringe data privacy legislation requirements, and we may be exposed to regulatory proceedings or litigation and increased exposure to fines, penalties, or commercial liabilities, as well as reputational damages.
 
Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our posted privacy policies, our privacy-related obligations to merchants or other third parties, or any other legal obligations or regulatory requirements relating to privacy, data protection, or data security, may result in governmental investigations or enforcement actions, litigation, claims, or public statements against us by consumer advocacy groups or others and could result in significant liability, cause our merchants to lose trust in us, and otherwise materially and adversely affect our reputation and business. Furthermore, the costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, the laws, regulations, other obligations, and policies that are applicable to the businesses of our merchants may limit the adoption and use of, and reduce the overall demand for, our platform. In addition, if a breach of data security were to occur or to be alleged to have occurred, if any violation of laws and regulations relating to privacy, data protection or data security were to be alleged, or if we had any actual or alleged defect in our safeguards or practices relating to privacy, data protection, or data security, our platforms and services may be perceived as less desirable and our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Additionally, if third parties we work with violate applicable laws, regulations or contractual obligations, such violations may put our data at risk, could result in governmental investigations or enforcement actions, fines, litigation, claims, or public statements against us by consumer advocacy groups or others and could result in significant liability, cause our merchants to lose trust in us, and otherwise materially and adversely affect our reputation and business. Lastly, public scrutiny of, or complaints about, technology companies or their data handling or data protection practices, even if unrelated to our business, industry or operations, may lead to increased scrutiny of technology companies, including us, and may cause government agencies to enact additional regulatory requirements, or to modify their enforcement or investigation activities, which may increase our costs and risks.
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As the regulatory framework for machine learning technology and generative artificial intelligence evolves, including with respect to unintentional bias and discrimination, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely affected.
 
Our business increasingly relies on artificial intelligence, machine learning and automated decision making. The regulatory framework for this technology is rapidly evolving, and we may not always be able to anticipate how to respond to these laws or regulations. Many federal, state and foreign government bodies and agencies have introduced or are currently considering additional laws and regulations governing the use of such technologies. There is also an increase in litigation in a number of jurisdictions, including the United States, relating to the development, security and use of artificial intelligence. In October 2023, President Biden issued the Executive Order on Safe, Secure and Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence (“The Order”) with the goal of promoting the “safe, secure, and trustworthy development and use of artificial intelligence in the United States.” The Order has established certain new standards for the training, testing and cybersecurity of sophisticated artificial intelligence models, and the Order has also instructed other federal agencies to promulgate additional regulations within certain timeframes from the date of the Order. Federal artificial intelligence legislation has also been introduced in the U.S. Senate. Such additional regulations may impact our ability to develop, use and commercialize artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies in the future. Additionally, in December 2023, new laws regulating artificial intelligence have been enacted in China, and the European Parliament and Council reached a political agreement on the European Union's Artificial Intelligence Act (the “EU AI Act”), which seeks to create a comprehensive legal framework for the regulation of artificial intelligence systems across the EU. The final text of the EU AI Act is expected to be published in early 2024 with the majority of obligations expected to take effect by 2026, including requirements around transparency, conformity assessments and monitoring, risk assessments, human oversight, security, accuracy, general purpose artificial intelligence and foundation models, and fines for breach of up to 7% of worldwide annual turnover. Once fully applicable, the EU AI Act will have a material impact on the way artificial intelligence is regulated in the EU, including requirements around transparency, conformity assessments and monitoring, risk assessments, human oversight, security, accuracy, general purpose artificial intelligence and foundation models, and fines for breach of up to 7% of worldwide annual turnover. In 2022 and 2023, China implemented a number of regulations to govern generative artificial intelligence, algorithmic recommendation and deep synthesis technologies, namely the Interim Provisions on Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services, Administrative Provisions on Algorithm Recommendation for Internet Information Services and Provisions on Management of Deep Synthesis in Internet Information Service, respectively. Such regulations impose strict obligations on service providers, among other entities, with respect to their provision and use of generative artificial intelligence, algorithmic recommendation and deep synthesis technologies. For example, service providers must file the algorithms used and complete a security assessment with the local CAC before the provision of the service. The regulatory framework in China is expected to have a material impact on the way artificial intelligence is regulated in China, and together with developing guidance and/or decisions in this area, may affect our use of artificial intelligence and our ability to provide and to improve our services, require additional compliance measures and changes to our operations and processes, result in increased compliance costs and potential increases in civil claims against us, and could adversely affect our business, operations and financial condition. It is possible that the EU AI Act and the US artificial intelligence framework, along with the adoption of new laws and regulations in other jurisdictions, or the interpretation of existing laws and regulations, may affect the operation of our e-commerce risk intelligence platform and the way in which we use artificial intelligence and machine learning technology, including with respect to how we train our models, unintentional bias and discrimination. Failure to comply with such laws or regulations could subject us to legal or regulatory liability. Further, the cost to comply with such laws or regulations could be significant and would increase our operating expenses, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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The situation in Ukraine could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 
In late February 2022, Russian military forces launched military action against Ukraine, and sustained conflict and disruption in the region is likely. The impact to Ukraine, as well as actions taken by other countries, including new and stricter sanctions by Canada, the United Kingdom, the European Union, the U.S. and other countries and organizations against officials, individuals, regions, and industries, and each potential response to such sanctions, tensions, and military actions, could lead to disruption, instability and volatility in global markets and industries that could have a material adverse effect on our operations. As a result of this situation, our services into Ukraine and Russia were suspended until further notice. While our direct business exposure to Ukraine and Russia is immaterial (in a typical year less than 2% of our GMV is generated by Ukraine and Russia combined), there may nevertheless be additional implications of such military conflict on macro-economics, consumer sentiment and buying patterns in other markets, including Eastern and Western Europe (in which we have experienced certain reductions in purchases since the commencement of the military conflict), which may have an adverse effect on our results.
 
In addition, some of our Research and Development team members are located in several cities in Ukraine which have been disrupted by the outbreak of war. The conflict has impaired and may continue to impair their ability to work, thereby adversely affecting our research and development and merchant support capacities. Due to this disruption, the human cost to our employees as well as the potential for broader, adverse impacts of this war, including heightened operating risks in Ukraine and Europe, additional sanctions or counter-sanctions, heightened inflation, cyber-attacks, higher energy costs and higher supply chain costs, as well as broader impact on global and regional economies, is difficult to measure, and the ultimate impact of such events on our business is difficult to predict. Any disruption in the businesses of our customers or partners could have a significant adverse impact on our results. All of the aforementioned risks may be further increased if our disaster recovery plans or those of our customers or partners prove to be inadequate.
 
We are subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering and similar laws, and non-compliance with such laws can subject us to criminal penalties or significant fines and harm our business and reputation.
 
We are subject to anti-corruption and anti-bribery and similar laws, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, or the FCPA, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, U.S. Travel Act, the USA PATRIOT Act, the U.K. Bribery Act 2010, the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002, Chapter 9 (sub-chapter 5) of the Israeli Penal Law, 57373-1977, the Israeli Prohibition on Money Laundering Law, 5760-2000 and other anti-corruption, anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws in countries in which we conduct activities. Anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws have been enforced aggressively in recent years and are interpreted broadly and prohibit companies and their employees and agents from promising, authorizing, making, or offering improper payments or other benefits to government officials and others in the private sector. As we increase our international sales and business, our risks under these laws may increase.
 
In addition, we use, and may continue to use, third parties to sell access to our platforms and conduct business on our behalf abroad, in particular carriers and other freight forwarders who perform customs-clearance and related services and functions as our service providers, and in our own name and instructions. We or such current and future third-party intermediaries may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities, and we can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of such third-party intermediaries, and our employees, representatives, contractors, partners, and agents, even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities. We have implemented an anti-corruption compliance program but cannot assure you that all our employees and agents, as well as those companies to which we outsource certain of our business operations, will not take actions in violation of our policies and applicable law, for which we may be ultimately held responsible. Noncompliance with these laws could subject us to investigations, sanctions, settlements, prosecution, other enforcement actions, disgorgement of profits, significant fines, damages, other civil and criminal penalties or injunctions, adverse media coverage, and other consequences. Any investigations, actions or sanctions could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
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We act as a service provider and take certain part of the fulfilment chain of the merchants, and while our legal and functional roles are defined, third parties may confuse us with the merchants resulting in claims and liabilities relating to the merchants’ activities.
 
We operate largely as a “white label” solution which enables the merchants to offer their products through our platform, while maintaining their own brand experience. Due to our nearly transparent integration with such merchants’ shopper experience, claims arising from the actions of the merchants may be unduly addressed to us by virtue of our perceived affiliation with the merchants and our role in the shopper experience. To the extent that we are not successful in demonstrating that we are distinct from such merchants, we may be subject to misdirected claims and associated liabilities. Although we include indemnification provisions in the merchant agreements, such provisions may not be enforced in certain circumstances, certain jurisdictions or may not be sufficient to fully cover potential liabilities arising from such claims.
 
If we fail to adequately maintain, protect or enforce our intellectual property rights, our competitive position could be impaired and we may lose valuable assets, generate reduced revenue, and incur costly litigation to protect our rights.
 
Our success is dependent, in part, upon protecting our intellectual property rights, including those in our know-how and proprietary technology. We rely on a combination of copyrights, trade secret and other intellectual property laws and contractual restrictions to establish and protect our intellectual property rights. While it is our policy to protect and defend our rights to our intellectual property, we cannot predict whether steps taken by us will be adequate to prevent infringement, misappropriation or other violation of our intellectual property rights.
 
Policing unauthorized use of our know-how, technology and intellectual property is difficult and may not be effective. We will not be able to protect our intellectual property if we are unable to enforce our rights or if we do not detect unauthorized use of our intellectual property. Despite our precautions, it may be possible for unauthorized third parties to copy our platforms or technology and use information that we regard as proprietary to create products or services that compete with our offerings. Some of the provisions of our service agreements that protect us against unauthorized use, copying, transfer, and disclosure of our platforms, may be unenforceable under the laws of certain jurisdictions and foreign countries. Further, the laws of some countries do not protect intellectual property to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property rights in some foreign countries may be inadequate. To the extent we expand our international activities, our exposure to unauthorized copying and use of our platforms and proprietary information may increase. Further, our competition, foreign governments, foreign government-backed actors, criminals, or other third parties may gain unauthorized access to our confidential information and technology. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may be unable to prevent third parties from infringing upon or misappropriating our intellectual property rights. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights or prevent unauthorized use, infringement or misappropriation thereof by third parties, the value of our intellectual property and intellectual property rights may be diminished, and our competition may be able to more effectively mimic our offerings and service. In addition, our know-how is derived in part from insights we obtain from the historical individual and aggregate transactions that take place on our platform. If the availability, security or integrity of such data is lost or compromised due to a technology failure, cyberattack or similar event, our know-how could be lost or diminished, and this could materially adversely affect our ability to serve our merchants. For more information, see “Risk Factors-Risks Relating to our Business and Industry- We store personal information of merchants and shoppers. To the extent our security measures are compromised, our platforms may be perceived as not being secure. This may result in merchants curtailing or ceasing their use of our platform, our reputation being harmed, our incurring of significant regulatory and monetary liabilities and adverse effects on our results of operations and growth prospects.”
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While software and other of our proprietary works may be protected under copyright law, we have not registered any copyrights in these works, and instead, primarily rely on protecting our software as a trade secret. In order to bring a copyright infringement lawsuit in the United States, the copyright must be registered. Accordingly, the remedies and damages available to us for unauthorized use of our software may be limited.
 
Although we attempt to protect our intellectual property, technology and confidential information by entering into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees and consultants and entering into confidentiality agreements with the parties with whom we have strategic relationships and business alliances, these agreements may not effectively grant all necessary rights to any inventions that may have been developed by the employees or consultants party thereto, and may not be effective in controlling access to and distribution of our platforms, technology and confidential information or provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized use of our platforms or technology or unauthorized access, use or disclosure of our confidential information. Additionally, employees and consultants may choose to violate the terms of their confidentiality agreements.
 
Further, these agreements do not prevent our competitors from independently developing technologies that are substantially equivalent or superior to ours. We cannot guarantee that others will not independently develop technology with the same or similar functions to any proprietary technology we rely on to conduct our business and differentiate ourselves from our competitors.
 
We may be required to spend significant resources to monitor and protect our intellectual property rights, and we may or may not be able to detect infringement, misappropriation or other violation of our intellectual property rights by third parties. Litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights and to protect our trade secrets. Such litigation could be costly, time consuming, and distracting to management and could result in the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property. Furthermore, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims, and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights. Our inability to protect our proprietary technology against unauthorized copying or use, as well as any costly litigation or diversion of our management’s attention and resources, could delay further sales or the implementation of our platforms, impair their functionality, delay introductions of new features, integrations, and capabilities, result in our substituting inferior or more costly technologies into our platforms, or injure our reputation. In addition, we may be required to license additional technology from third parties to develop and market new features, integrations, and capabilities, and we cannot assure you that we could license that technology on commercially reasonable terms or at all, and our inability to license this technology could harm our ability to compete. Any one or more of the foregoing could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
 
In addition, we may experience difficulties in enforcing the intellectual property rights in output generated by generative artificial intelligence technologies. The United States Copyright Office has previously denied copyright protection for content generated by artificial intelligence technologies, and the United States Patent and Trademark Office has similarly stated that an artificial intelligence tool cannot be an “inventor” of a patent, rendering it impossible to obtain patent protection for inventions created solely by artificial intelligence. The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom has reached a similar conclusion, stating that artificial intelligence systems cannot be named as an “inventor” for UK patent law purposes.
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We may incur costs to defend against, face liability for or be vulnerable to intellectual property infringement claims brought against us by others.
 
There is considerable intellectual property development and enforcement activity in our industry. We expect that software developers in our industry will increasingly be subject to infringement claims as the number of competing solutions grows and the functionality of platforms and services in different industries overlap. Our future success depends in part on not infringing upon or misappropriating the intellectual property rights of others. There is a risk that our operations, platforms and services may infringe or otherwise violate, or be alleged to infringe or otherwise violate, the intellectual property rights of third parties. Other companies have claimed in the past, and may claim in the future, that we infringe upon or otherwise violate their intellectual property rights. A claim may also be made relating to technology or intellectual property that we acquire or license from third parties. If we were subject to a claim of infringement, regardless of the merit of the claim or our defenses, the claim could:
 
•
require costly litigation to resolve and the payment of substantial royalty or license fees, lost profits or other damages; 
   
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require and divert significant management time;
   
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cause us to enter into unfavorable royalty or license agreements;
   
•
require us to discontinue some or all of the features, integrations, and capabilities available on our platforms; 
   
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require us to indemnify our merchants or third-party service providers; and/or
   
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require us to expend additional development resources to redesign our platforms.
 
Any one or more of the above could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We use open source software, which may pose particular risks to our proprietary software, technologies, products and services in a manner that could negatively affect our business.
 
We use open source software in our platforms and expect to use more open source software in the future. From time to time, there have been claims challenging both the ownership of open source software against companies that incorporate open source software into their products and whether such incorporation is permissible under various open source licenses. There is a risk that these licenses could be construed in a way that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize our platforms. As a result, we could be subject to lawsuits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open source software, or breach of open source licenses. Litigation could be costly for us to defend, have a negative effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition, or require us to devote additional research and development resources to change our platforms. In addition, if we were to combine our proprietary source code or software with open source software in a certain manner, we could, under certain open source licenses, be required to release the source code of our proprietary software to the public. This would allow our competition to create similar products with less development effort and time. If we inappropriately use open source software, or if the license terms for open source software that we use change, we may be required to re-engineer our platforms, or certain aspects of it, incur additional costs, discontinue the availability of certain features, or take other remedial actions.
 
In addition to risks related to license requirements, usage of open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties support, indemnification, assurance of title or controls on origin of the software or other contractual protections regarding infringement claims or the quality of the code. In addition, many of the risks associated with usage of open source software, such as the lack of warranties or assurances of title, cannot be eliminated, and could, if not properly addressed, negatively affect our business. We have established processes to help alleviate these risks, but we cannot be sure that all of our use of open source software is in a manner that is consistent with our current policies and procedures, or will not subject us to liability.
 
In addition, open source libraries incorporated in our platforms must be constantly updated in order to avoid security vulnerabilities that may be present in an outdated version of the software. Updating the open source libraries we use in a timely manner requires ongoing development efforts, and any delay relating to this process may expose us to risk of security breach. To the extent that our platforms depend upon the successful operation of open source software, any undetected errors or defects in this open source software could prevent the deployment or impair the functionality of our platforms, delay new solutions introductions, result in a failure of our platforms, and injure our reputation. For example, undetected errors or defects in open source software could render it vulnerable to breaches or security attacks, and, in conjunction, make our systems more vulnerable to data breaches. In addition, the public availability of such software may make it easier for others to compromise our platforms.
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We depend on our executive officers and other key employees, and the loss of one or more of these employees could harm our business.
 
Our success depends largely upon the continued services of our executive officers and other key employees. From time to time, there may be changes in our executive management team resulting from the hiring or departure of executives, which could disrupt our business. We do not have employment agreements with our executive officers or other key personnel that require them to continue to work for us for any specified period and, therefore, they could terminate their employment with us at any time subject only to the notice periods prescribed by their respective executive agreements. The loss of one or more of our executive officers, or key employees could harm our business.
 
Inability to attract and retain other highly skilled employees could harm our business.
 
To execute our growth plan, we must attract and retain highly qualified personnel. Competition where we maintain offices is intense, especially for engineers experienced in designing and developing software and experienced sales professionals. We have from time to time experienced, and we expect to continue to experience, difficulty in hiring and retaining employees with appropriate qualifications. Many of the companies with which we compete for experienced personnel have significant resources. In addition, certain domestic immigration laws restrict or limit our ability to recruit internationally. Any changes to Israeli, United Kingdom, European, the U.S. or other immigration policies that restrain the flow of technical and professional talent may inhibit our ability to recruit and retain highly qualified employees.
 
In addition, job candidates and existing employees often consider the value of the equity awards they receive in connection with their employment. If the perceived value of our equity awards declines, it may harm our ability to recruit and retain highly skilled employees.
 
Volatility or lack of appreciation in the price of our ordinary shares may also affect our ability to attract and retain our key employees. Many of our senior personnel and other key employees have become, or will soon become, vested in a substantial number of equity awards such as options or restricted share units. Employees may be more likely to leave us if the equity awards they own or the shares underlying their vested options or restricted share units have significantly appreciated in value relative to the original purchase price of the shares or the exercise price of the options, or conversely, if the exercise price of the options that they hold are significantly above the market price of our ordinary shares.
 
While we may not be able to enforce non-compete agreements we enter into with our employees, our current and future competition may attempt to enforce similar agreements with individuals we recruit or attempt to recruit.
 
We generally enter into agreements with our employees which prohibit our employees, if they cease working for us, from competing directly with us or working for our current and future competition for a limited period. However, we may be unable to enforce these agreements under the laws of the jurisdictions in which our employees work, and it may be difficult for us to restrict our current and future competition from benefiting from the expertise our former employees developed while working for us. For example, Israeli labor courts have required employers seeking to enforce non-compete undertakings of a former employee to demonstrate that the competitive activities of the former employee will harm one of a limited number of material interests of the employer that have been recognized by the courts, such as the protection of a company’s trade secrets or other intellectual property.
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If we hire employees from our current and future competition or other companies, their former employers may attempt to assert that these employees or we have breached their legal obligations, resulting in a diversion of our time and resources. In a similar manner, should our current and future competition succeed in hiring some of our employees and executives, and should some of these employees or executives breach their legal obligations and divulge commercially sensitive information to our current and future competition, our ability to successfully compete with our current and future competition may be hindered.
 
We may be subject to litigation for a variety of claims, which could harm our reputation and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
 
In the ordinary course of business, we may be involved in and subject to litigation for a variety of claims or disputes and receive regulatory inquiries. These claims, lawsuits, and proceedings could include labor and employment, wage and hour, commercial, antitrust, alleged securities law violations or other investor claims, and other matters. The number and significance of these potential claims and disputes may increase as our business expands. Further, our general liability insurance may not cover all potential claims made against us or be sufficient to indemnify us for all liability that may be imposed. Any claim against us, regardless of its merit, could be costly, divert management’s attention and operational resources, and harm our reputation. As litigation is inherently unpredictable, we cannot assure you that any potential claims or disputes will not have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
 
Contractual arrangements between merchants and local distributors, as well as merchants’ operating preferences, may impede the adoption by merchants of a D2C model and diminish the adoption of our platforms and services as a result.
 
A significant segment of our merchants are international brands with a strategic focus on transitioning to a D2C model through the use of e-commerce. Despite making this transition, some brands maintain contractual relationships with distributors of their products such as wholesalers, local webstore operators, marketplaces and franchises in various geographies which our platforms make accessible for D2C sales. Contractual arrangements between brands and their local distributors that provide for exclusivity terms, volume restrictions on alternate distribution channels or most favored client pricing may slow or restrict adoption of our platforms and services. Even absent such contractual obligations, local distributors may still petition the brand to cease its operations through our platforms if the brand’s D2C sales adversely impact their local distributor sales. Although we believe that our platforms and services provide functionality, tools and advantages that match or outweigh the local distributor model and therefore justify their use on a standalone or supplemental basis, resistance on behalf of such distributors and the resulting friction may slow or restrict adoption of our platforms and services by such brands in certain locations and diminish our growth in this segment.
 
In addition, while we believe our platforms and services provide flexible and cost-effective means for merchants to transact globally, as our merchants grow their international activity through the use of our services, or as market trends change, they may decide that our platforms are too costly, or that they can utilize other modalities or operational flows, and transition some, or even all of their activity, into one in which they transact directly with shoppers, rather than through us, and therefore do not need to pay our service fees, e.g. by means or setting up and operating dedicated localized web stores for certain geographies. Such transitions, should they occur, will negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations.
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Our failure to raise additional capital or generate cash flows necessary to expand our operations and invest in new technologies in the future could reduce our ability to compete successfully and harm our results of operations.
 
Historically, we have funded our operations and capital expenditures primarily through equity issuances and cash generated from our operations. Although we believe that the aggregation of our existing cash and cash equivalents, short-term bank deposits and investments in marketable securities, together with cash flow from operations, will be sufficient to meet our business needs for at least the next 12 months, we may require additional financing, and we may not be able to obtain debt or equity financing on favorable terms, if at all. If we raise equity financing to fund operations or on an opportunistic basis, our shareholders may experience significant dilution of their ownership interests. If we need additional capital and cannot raise it on acceptable terms, or at all, we may not be able to, among other things:
 
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develop new features, integrations, capabilities, and enhancements;
   
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continue to expand our product development, sales, and marketing organizations;
   
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respond to competitive pressures or unanticipated working capital requirements; or 
   
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pursue acquisition opportunities.
 
Furthermore, the Company maintains the majority of its cash and cash equivalents in accounts with major and highly rated multi-national or local financial institutions, and our deposits at certain of these institutions significantly exceed insured limits. Market conditions can impact the viability of these institutions. In the event of failure of any of the financial institutions where we maintain our cash and cash equivalents, there can be no assurance that we would be able to access uninsured funds in a timely manner or at all. Any inability to access or delay in accessing these funds could adversely affect our business and financial position.
 
Our corporate culture has contributed to our success, and if we cannot maintain this culture as we grow, we could lose the innovative approach, creativity, and teamwork fostered by our culture and our business could be harmed.
 
We believe that an important contributor to our success has been our corporate culture, which we believe creates an environment that drives and perpetuates our strategy to create a better, more productive way to work and focuses on driving success for our customers. As we continue to grow, including geographically, and continue to develop the infrastructure of a public company, we may find it difficult to maintain our corporate culture. If we do not maintain and continue to develop our corporate culture as we grow and evolve, it could harm our ability to foster the innovation, craftsmanship, teamwork, curiosity, and diversity, we believe that we need to support our growth. Any failure to preserve our culture could also harm our ability to retain and recruit personnel, innovate and operate effectively, and execute on our business strategy.
 
If we fail to maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired, which may adversely affect our stock price and our business.
 
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”) requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. We are continuing to develop and refine our disclosure controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we will file with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and that information required to be disclosed in reports under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our principal executive and financial officers as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. If we are unable to continue to maintain effective internal control, we may not have adequate, accurate or timely financial information, and we may be unable to meet our reporting obligations as a publicly traded company or to comply with the requirements of the SEC or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. This could result in a restatement of our financial statements, the imposition of sanctions, or investigation by regulatory authorities. Any such action or other negative results caused by our inability to meet our internal control and financial reporting requirements or to comply with legal and regulatory requirements could adversely affect our business and the trading price of our common shares. Material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting could also reduce our ability to obtain financing or could increase the cost of any financing we obtain.
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As part of our growth strategy, we may decide to make additional acquisitions of privately held businesses. Prior to becoming part of our consolidated company, the acquired businesses would not be required to implement or maintain the disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting that are required of public companies. We are required to integrate the acquired businesses into our consolidated company’s system of disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, but we cannot provide assurance as to how long the integration process may take.
 
In addition to our results determined in accordance with GAAP, we believe certain non-GAAP measures and key metrics may be useful in evaluating our operating performance. We present certain non-GAAP financial measures and key metrics in this Annual Report and intend to continue to present certain non-GAAP financial measures and key metrics in future filings with the SEC and other public statements. Any failure to accurately report and present our non-GAAP financial measures and key metrics could cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial and other information, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our ordinary shares.
 
 If our estimates or judgments relating to our critical accounting policies prove to be incorrect, our results of operations could be adversely affected.
 
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include, but are not limited to, the allocation of transaction price among various performance obligations, the estimated customer life on deferred contract acquisition costs, the allowance for credit losses, the fair value of financial assets and liabilities; including accounting and fair value of derivatives, the fair value of acquired intangible assets and goodwill, the useful lives of acquired intangible assets and property and equipment, share-based compensation, until the Company’s IPO including the determination of the fair value of the Company’s Ordinary Shares, and the valuation of deferred tax assets and uncertain tax positions. The Company bases these estimates on historical and anticipated results, trends and various other assumptions that it believes are reasonable under the circumstances, including assumptions as to future events. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
 
Changes in tax laws or regulations to which we are subject could have an adverse effect on us, our merchants or their shoppers and could increase the costs and reduce the attractiveness of our platforms and harm our business.
 
New income, sales, use or other tax laws, regulations, or ordinances could be enacted and new interpretations of existing tax laws, regulations or ordinances could be adopted at any time. Those changes could adversely affect our domestic and international business operations, and our business, results of operations, and financial condition. These events could require us, our merchants or the shoppers to pay additional tax amounts on a prospective or retroactive basis, as well as require us, our merchants or the shoppers to pay fines and/or penalties and interest for past amounts deemed to be due. If we are required to collect such additional tax amounts from either our merchants or the shoppers and are unsuccessful in collecting such taxes due from our merchants or the shoppers, we could be held liable for such costs, thereby adversely affecting our results of operations and harming our business. If we raise our prices to offset the costs of these changes, merchants may elect not to use our platforms and services in the future. Additionally, new, changed, modified, or newly interpreted or applied tax laws could increase our merchants’, our shoppers’ and our compliance, operating, and other costs. Further, these events could decrease the capital we have available to operate our business. Any or all of these events could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Compliance with these new reporting requirements as well as the newly introduced VAT rules required and will continue to require significant resources and we cannot be certain that we have fully complied with or applied the new requirements, and as a result we may face non-compliance assessments, calculation or remittance gaps and other discrepancies. Further, governments, customs agencies and tax authorities may seek heightened scrutiny and enforcement of the new regulations, which could result in delayed clearance, rejections of our tax submissions, refusal to assess taxes in a timely manner and additional audits.
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In addition, we are subject to taxation in several jurisdictions around the world with increasingly complex tax laws, the application of which can be uncertain. The tax authorities in these jurisdictions could review our tax returns and impose additional tax, interest, and penalties, assert that various withholding requirements apply to us or our subsidiaries or that benefits of tax treaties are not available to us or our subsidiaries, any of which could harm us and our results of operations.
 
Our results of operations may be harmed if we are required to collect sales or other taxes relating to the use of our platforms and services in jurisdictions where we have not historically done so.
 
States and local taxing jurisdictions may impose sales and use taxes, including on services provided electronically or goods sold via the internet. The applicability of sales taxes related to the use of our platforms in various jurisdictions is unclear. We collect and remit sales and value-added tax, or VAT or goods and services tax, or GST, in a number of jurisdictions (including in the U.S.). It is possible, however, that we could face sales tax, VAT or GST audits and that our liability for these taxes could exceed our estimates as state tax authorities could still assert that we are obligated to collect additional tax amounts from merchants and remit those taxes to those tax authorities. Further, one or more U.S. state or non-U.S. authorities could seek to impose additional sales, use or other tax collection and record-keeping obligations on us or may determine that such taxes should have, but have not been, paid by us. We could also be subject to audits in U.S. states and non-U.S. jurisdictions for which we have not accrued tax liabilities. A successful assertion that we should be collecting additional sales or other taxes on our services and/or on goods sold in jurisdictions where we have not historically done so and do not accrue for sales taxes could result in substantial tax liabilities for past sales (including substantial interest and penalties), discourage organizations from utilizing our platforms and services, or otherwise harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
 
The enactment of legislation implementing changes in taxation of international business activities, the adoption of other corporate tax reform policies, or changes in tax legislation or policies could impact our future financial position and results of operations.
 
Corporate tax reform, base-erosion efforts and tax transparency continue to be high priorities in many tax jurisdictions where we have business operations. As a result, policies regarding corporate income and other taxes in numerous jurisdictions are under heightened scrutiny and tax reform legislation is being proposed or enacted in a number of jurisdictions.
 
In 2022, the United States Inflation Reduction Act, among other changes, introduced a 15% corporate minimum tax on certain United States corporations and a 1% excise tax on certain stock redemptions by United States corporations, which the U.S. Treasury indicated may also apply to certain stock redemptions by a foreign corporation funded by certain United States affiliates.
 
There can be no assurance that our effective tax rate will not increase over time as a result of changes in corporate income tax rates or other changes in the tax laws in the jurisdictions in which we operate. Any changes in tax laws could have an adverse impact on our financial results. Corporate tax reform, base-erosion efforts and tax transparency continue to be high priorities in many tax jurisdictions where we have business operations. As a result, policies regarding corporate income and other taxes in numerous jurisdictions are under heightened scrutiny, and tax reform legislation is being proposed or enacted in a number of jurisdictions. For example, the recent Inflation Reduction Act enacted in the United States introduced, among other changes, a 15% corporate minimum tax on certain United States corporations. In addition, there is growing pressure in many jurisdictions and from multinational organizations such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (“OECD”) and the EU to amend existing international taxation rules in order to align the tax regimes with current global business practices. Specifically, in October 2015, the OECD published its final package of measures for reform of the international tax rules as a product of its Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (“BEPS”) initiative, which was endorsed by the G20 finance ministers. Many of the initiatives in the BEPS package required and resulted in specific amendments to the domestic tax legislation of various jurisdictions and to existing tax treaties. We continuously monitor these developments. Although many of the BEPS measures have already been implemented or are currently being implemented globally (including, in certain cases, through adoption of the OECD’s “multilateral convention” (to which Israel is also a party) to effect changes to tax treaties which entered into force on July 1, 2018 and through the European Union’s “Anti Tax Avoidance” Directives), it is still difficult in some cases to assess to what extent these changes will have on our tax liabilities in the jurisdictions in which we conduct our business or to what extent they may impact the way in which we conduct our business or our effective tax rate due to the unpredictability and interdependency of these potential changes. In January 2019, the OECD announced further work in continuation of the BEPS project, focusing on two “pillars.” In October 2021, 137 countries approved a statement known as the OECD BEPS Inclusive Framework, which builds upon the OECD’s continuation of the BEPS project. The first pillar is focused on the allocation of taxing rights between countries for in-scope large multinational enterprises (with revenue in excess of €20 billion and profitability of at least 10%) that sell goods and services into countries with little or no local physical presence. We do not expect to be within the scope of the first Pillar.  Pillar Two legislation has been enacted or substantively enacted in certain jurisdictions in which the Group operates. However, this legislation does not apply to the Group as its consolidated revenue is lower than €750 million.
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General Risks Affecting Our Business and Operations
 
Global pandemics and other health crises, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 
Global pandemics, as well as both future widespread and localized outbreaks of infectious diseases and other health concerns, and the measures attempting to contain and mitigate their effects and the resulting changes in consumer behaviors, could cause a material disruption to our normal operations and impact our employees, suppliers, merchants and shoppers. A future outbreak of a highly infectious or contagious disease or other public health crisis could have significant repercussions across domestic and global economies, including the retail sector within the U.S., and the financial markets. An outbreak of a global pandemic in the future could significantly adversely impact and disrupt our business, financial performance and condition, operating results and cash flows. Additional factors may negatively impact our ability to operate, for example, transitioning employees across our offices to remote work-from-home arrangements and imposing travel and related restrictions. Although we have experienced remote work in recent periods (as a matter of policy and in response to needs), remote work, lockdowns and travel restrictions may create or add challenges and complexity to our operations and the operations of our shipping and logistics partners and any such restrictions that inhibit the ordinary course of our operation of the operation of our shipping and logistics partners may have an adverse effect on our business.
 
A global pandemic could limit merchants’ ability to continue to operate (limiting their abilities to obtain inventory, generate sales, ship and dispatch orders or make timely payments to us). In addition, a global pandemic may also result in volatility or changing preferences in consumer spending and adverse or uncertain economic conditions globally, which in turn may impact the GMV processed through our platform. See “-General Risks Affecting Our Business and Operations-Unfavorable conditions in our industry, the global economy, or e-commerce in general, could limit our ability to grow our business and negatively affect our results of operations.”
 
Unfavorable conditions in our industry, the global economy, e-commerce or particular verticals within e-commerce, could limit our ability to grow our business and negatively affect our results of operations.
 
Our results of operations may vary based on the impact of changes in our industry or the global economy on us or our merchants or our shoppers. The revenue growth and potential profitability of our business depend on demand for our platforms and services, as well as demand for the products offered by our merchants. Therefore, current or future economic uncertainties or downturns could adversely affect our business and results of operations. Negative conditions in the global economy or individual markets, including changes in gross domestic product growth, financial and credit market fluctuations, political turmoil, trade route restrictions or challenges, natural catastrophes, warfare and terrorist attacks, could cause a decrease in business investments, consumer spending, services availability or e-commerce generally and negatively affect our business. Some of our merchants are luxury fashion brands, and the adverse impact to our business resulting from any of the foregoing factors could be magnified to the extent that it disproportionately affects merchants in verticals from which our merchants derive a significant amount of their GMV.
 
During recent periods these and other factors have resulted in heightened inflation rates as well as recessionary pressures in various countries. If economic conditions further deteriorate, shoppers may not have the financial means to make purchases from our merchants and may delay or reduce discretionary purchases, negatively impacting our merchants and our results of operations. Other disruptions, for example, the situation in Ukraine, have caused and may continue to cause other heightened uncertainty in the global economy.
 
Such uncertainties may also cause prospective or existing merchants to defer investment in e-commerce. Our smaller merchants may be more susceptible to general economic conditions than larger businesses, which may have greater liquidity and access to capital. Uncertain and adverse economic conditions also may lead to increased refunds and chargebacks. Since the impact of such uncertainties is ongoing, the effect on the global economy may not be fully reflected in our results of operations until future periods. Volatility in the capital markets has been heightened during recent months and such volatility may continue, which may cause declines in the price of our ordinary shares.
 
To the extent our platforms are perceived by merchants as costly, or too difficult to launch or migrate to, it would negatively affect our growth. Our revenue may be disproportionately affected by delays or reductions in general IT spending and reduction in investments in cross-border expansion by merchants. Our competition may respond to market conditions by lowering prices or otherwise bundling their competing solutions with other of their offerings which are widely used by merchants in a way that may make it difficult to attract merchants to our platforms and services and may offer more competitive prices (including by way of strategic partnerships, collaborations or otherwise), in order to lure away our merchants. We cannot predict the timing, strength, or duration of any economic slowdown, instability or recovery, generally or within any particular industry. If the economic conditions of the general economy or markets in which we operate worsen from present levels, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.
 
Moreover, persistent economic downturns may require us to undertake optimization and cost saving initiatives, including streamlining our organization and adjusting the size and structure of our workforce. Any reduction in force may yield unintended consequences and costs, such as attrition beyond the intended reduction in force, the distraction of employees and reduced employee morale, which could, in turn, adversely impact productivity, including through a loss of continuity, loss of accumulated knowledge or inefficiency during transitional periods. Any of these impacts could also adversely affect our reputation as an employer, make it more difficult for us to hire new employees in the future and increase the risk that we may not achieve the anticipated benefits from the restructuring.
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Actions of activist shareholders may cause us to incur substantial costs, disrupt our operations, divert management’s attention, or have other material adverse effects on us.
 
From time to time, activist investors may take a position in our shares. These activist investors may disagree with decisions we have made or may believe that alternative strategies or personnel, either at a management level or at a board level, would produce higher returns. Such activists may or may not be aligned with the views of our other shareholders, may be focused on short-term outcomes, or may be focused on building their reputation in the market. These activists may not have a full understanding of our business and markets and the alternative personnel they may propose may also not have the qualifications or experience necessary to lead the company.
 
Responding to advances or actions by activist investors may be costly and time-consuming, may disrupt our operations, and may divert the attention of our board of directors, management team, and employees from running our business and maximizing performance. Such activist activities could also interfere with our ability to execute our strategic plan, disrupt the functioning of our board of directors, or negatively impact our ability to attract and retain qualified executive leadership or board members, who may be unwilling to serve with activist personnel. Uncertainty as to the impact of activist activities may also affect the market price and volatility of our shares.
 
Risks Relating to Our Ordinary Shares

Our share price has been and may continue to be volatile.
 
The market price of our ordinary shares has been and could continue to be highly volatile and may fluctuate substantially as a result of many factors, including:
 
•
actual or anticipated fluctuations in our results of operations;
   
•
variance in our financial performance from the expectations of market analysts;
   
•
announcements by us or our direct or indirect competition of significant business developments, changes in service provider relationships, acquisitions or expansion plans;
   
•
changes or proposed changes in laws or regulations or differing interpretations or enforcement of laws or regulations affecting our business;
   
•
changes in our pricing model;
   
•
our involvement in litigation or regulatory actions;
   
•
our sale of ordinary shares or other securities in the future;
   
•
market conditions in our industry;
   
•
changes in key personnel;
   
•
the trading volume of our ordinary shares; 
   
•
publication of research reports or news stories about us, our competition or our industry, or positive or negative recommendations or withdrawal of research coverage by securities analysts;
   
•
changes in the estimation of the future size and growth rate of our markets; and
   
•
general economic and market conditions. 

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In addition, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations. Broad market and industry factors may materially harm the market price of our ordinary shares, regardless of our operating performance. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against that company. If we were involved in any similar litigation we could incur substantial costs and our management’s attention and resources could be diverted.
 
The concentration of our share ownership with insiders may limit your ability to influence corporate matters, including the ability to influence the outcome of director elections and other matters requiring shareholder approval.
 
Our executive officers, directors, beneficial owners of greater than 5% of our ordinary shares and affiliated entities together beneficially owned approximately 59.16% of our ordinary shares outstanding as of December 31, 2023. Certain of such holders also have rights to acquire additional ordinary shares upon the exercise of options and warrants in the future. As a result, these shareholders, acting together, will have control over most matters that require approval by our shareholders, including the appointment and dismissal of directors, the terms of compensation of our directors and chief executive officer, certain other related party transactions, capital increases, and amendments to our amended and restated articles of association. Corporate action might be taken even if other shareholders oppose them. This concentration of ownership might also have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control of us that other shareholders may view as beneficial.
 
If we do not meet the expectations of equity research analysts, if they do not publish research or reports about our business or if they issue unfavorable commentary or downgrade our ordinary shares, the price of our ordinary shares could decline.
 
The trading market for our ordinary shares relies in part on the research and reports that equity research analysts publish about us and our business. The analysts’ estimates are based upon their own opinions and are often different from our estimates or expectations. If our results of operations are below the estimates or expectations of public market analysts and investors, the price of our ordinary shares could decline. Moreover, the price of our ordinary shares could decline if one or more securities analysts downgrade our ordinary shares or if those analysts issue other unfavorable commentary or cease publishing reports about us or our business.
 
We are a foreign private issuer and, as a result, we are not subject to U.S. proxy rules and are subject to Exchange Act reporting obligations that, to some extent, are more lenient and less frequent than those of a U.S. domestic public company.
 
We report under the Exchange Act as a non-U.S. company with foreign private issuer status. Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the Exchange Act that are applicable to U.S. domestic public companies, including (1) the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act, (2) the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their share ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time and (3) the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q containing unaudited financial and other specified information, although we are subject to Israeli laws and regulations with regard to certain of these matters and intend to furnish comparable quarterly information on Form 6-K. In addition, foreign private issuers are not required to file their annual report on Form 20-F until four months after the end of each fiscal year, while U.S. domestic issuers that are accelerated filers are required to file their annual report on Form 10-K within 75 days after the end of each fiscal year and U.S. domestic issuers that are large accelerated filers are required to file their annual report on Form 10-K within 60 days after the end of each fiscal year. Foreign private issuers are also exempt from Regulation FD, which is intended to prevent issuers from making selective disclosures of material information. As a result of all of the above, you may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of a company that is not a foreign private issuer.
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We may lose our foreign private issuer status in the future, which could result in significant additional costs and expenses.
 
As discussed above, we are a foreign private issuer, and therefore, we are not required to comply with all of the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. The determination of foreign private issuer status is made annually on the last business day of an issuer’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, and, accordingly, the next determination will be made with respect to us on June 30, 2024. In the future, we would lose our foreign private issuer status if more than 50% of our outstanding voting securities are owned by U.S. residents and any of the following three circumstances applies: (1) the majority of our directors or executive officers are U.S. citizens or residents, (2) more than 50% of our assets are located in the United States, or (3) our business is administered principally in the United States. If we lose our foreign private issuer status, we will be required to file with the SEC periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms, which are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. We will also have to mandatorily comply with U.S. federal proxy requirements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders will become subject to the short-swing profit disclosure and recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we will lose our ability to rely upon exemptions from certain corporate governance rules of Nasdaq. As a U.S. listed public company that is not a foreign private issuer, we will incur significant additional legal, accounting and other expenses that we will not incur as a foreign private issuer.
 
As we are a “foreign private issuer” and follow certain home country corporate governance practices, our shareholders may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all corporate governance rules of Nasdaq.
 
As a foreign private issuer, we have the option to follow certain home country corporate governance practices rather than those of Nasdaq, provided that we disclose the requirements we are not following and describe the home country practices we are following. We rely on this “foreign private issuer exemption” with respect to Nasdaq rules for shareholder meeting quorums. We may in the future elect to follow home country practices with regard to other matters. As a result, our shareholders may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all corporate governance rules of Nasdaq.
 
The market price of our ordinary shares has been and could in the future be negatively affected by future issuances and sales of our ordinary shares.
 
Sales by us or our shareholders of a substantial number of ordinary shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales might occur, could cause the market price of our ordinary shares to decline or could impair our ability to raise capital through a future sale of, or pay for acquisitions using, our equity securities.
 
As of December 31, 2023, we had 165,773,914 ordinary shares outstanding, and 9,718,714 ordinary shares are subject to outstanding awards such as options and restricted share units granted to employees under our share incentive plans, of which 7,368,603 are ordinary shares issuable under currently exercisable share options. Upon issuance, such shares may be freely sold in the public market, except for shares held by affiliates who have certain restrictions on their ability to sell. Subject to compliance with applicable rules and regulations, we may issue ordinary shares or securities convertible into ordinary shares from time to time in connection with a financing, acquisition, investment, our share incentive plans or otherwise. Any such issuance could result in substantial dilution to our existing shareholders and cause the market price of our ordinary shares to decline.
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There can be no assurance that we will not be classified as a passive foreign investment company, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to United States Holders of our ordinary shares.
 
We would be classified as a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for any taxable year if, after the application of certain look-through rules, either: (i) 75% or more of our gross income for such year is “passive income” (as defined in the relevant provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended), or (ii) 50% or more of the value of our assets (generally determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income. For these purposes, cash and other assets readily convertible into cash or that do or could generate passive income are categorized as passive assets, and the value of goodwill and other unbooked intangible assets is generally taken into account. Passive income generally includes, among other things, rents, dividends, interest, royalties, gains from the disposition of passive assets and gains from commodities and securities transactions. For purposes of this test, we will be treated as owning a proportionate share of the assets and earning a proportionate share of the income of any other corporation of which we own, directly or indirectly, at least 25% (by value) of the stock. Based on our market capitalization and the composition of our income, assets and operations, we believe that we were not a PFIC for the year ended December 31, 2023 and do not expect to be a PFIC for United States federal income tax purposes for the current taxable year or in the foreseeable future. However, this is a factual determination that must be made annually after the close of each taxable year. Moreover, the value of our assets for purposes of the PFIC determination may be determined by reference to the trading value of our ordinary shares, which could fluctuate significantly. In addition, it is possible that the Internal Revenue Service may take a contrary position with respect to our determination in any particular year, and therefore, there can be no assurance that we were not a PFIC for the year ended December 31, 2023 or will not be classified as a PFIC in the current taxable year or in the future. Certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to a United States Holder (as defined in Item 10.E. “Taxation-U.S. Federal Income Tax Consideration”) if we are treated as a PFIC for any taxable year during which such United States Holder holds our ordinary shares. United States Holders should consult their tax advisors about the potential application of the PFIC rules to their investment in our ordinary shares. For further discussion, see “Taxation-U.S. Federal Income Tax Consideration-Passive Foreign Investment Company” in Item 10.E. below. 
 
If a United States person is treated as owning at least 10% of our ordinary shares, such holder may be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences.
 
If a United States person is treated as owning (directly, indirectly, or constructively) at least 10% of the value or voting power of our ordinary shares, such person may be treated as a “United States shareholder” with respect to each controlled foreign corporation (“CFC”) in our group (if any). Because our group includes a U.S. subsidiary, certain of our non-U.S. subsidiaries will be treated as CFCs (regardless of whether or not we are treated as a CFC). A United States shareholder of a CFC may be required to report annually and include in its U.S. taxable income its pro rata share of “Subpart F income,” “global intangible low-taxed income,” and investments in U.S. property by CFCs, regardless of whether we make any distributions. An individual that is a United States shareholder with respect to a CFC generally would not be allowed certain tax deductions or foreign tax credits that would be allowed to a United States shareholder that is a U.S. corporation. Failure to comply with these reporting obligations may subject a United States shareholder to significant monetary penalties and may prevent the statute of limitations with respect to such shareholder’s U.S. federal income tax return for the year for which reporting was due from starting. We cannot provide any assurances that we will assist investors in determining whether we are or any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries is treated as CFC or whether any investor is treated as a United States shareholder with respect to any such CFC or furnish to any United States shareholders information that may be necessary to comply with the aforementioned reporting and tax paying obligations. The United States Internal Revenue Service has provided limited guidance on situations in which investors may rely on publicly available information to comply with their reporting and tax paying obligations with respect to foreign-controlled CFCs. A United States investor should consult its advisors regarding the potential application of these rules to an investment in our ordinary shares.
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Provisions of Israeli law and our amended and restated articles of association may delay, prevent or make undesirable an acquisition of all or a significant portion of our shares or assets.
 
Provisions of Israeli law and our amended and restated articles of association could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control and may make it more difficult for a third-party to acquire us or our shareholders to elect different individuals to our board of directors, even if doing so would be considered to be beneficial by some of our shareholders, and may limit the price that investors may be willing to pay in the future for our ordinary shares. Among other things:
 
•
the Israeli Companies Law, 5759-1999 (the “Companies Law”) regulates mergers and requires that a tender offer be effected when more than a specified percentage of shares in a company are purchased;
   
•
the Companies Law requires special approvals for certain transactions involving directors, officers or significant shareholders and regulates other matters that may be relevant to these types of transactions; 
   
•
the Companies Law does not provide for shareholder action by written consent for public companies, thereby requiring all shareholder actions to be taken at a general meeting of shareholders; 
   
•
our amended and restated articles of association divide our directors into three classes, each of which is elected once every three years; 
   
•
 
our amended and restated articles of association generally require a vote of the holders of a majority of our outstanding ordinary shares entitled to vote present and voting on the matter at a general meeting of shareholders (referred to as simple majority), and the amendment of a limited number of provisions, such as the provision dividing our directors into three classes, requires a vote of the holders of at least 70% of our voting power;
   
•
 
our amended and restated articles of association restrict us, subject to certain exceptions, from engaging in certain business combination transactions, with any shareholder who holds 20% or more of our voting power. The transactions subject to such restrictions include mergers, consolidations and dispositions of our assets with a market value of 10% or more of our assets or outstanding shares. Subject to certain exceptions, such restrictions will apply for a period of three years following each time a shareholder became the holder of 20% or more of our voting power; 
   
•
our amended and restated articles of association do not permit a director to be removed except by a vote of the holders of at least 70% of our voting power; and 
   
•
our amended and restated articles of association provide that director vacancies may be filled by our board of directors.
 
Further, Israeli tax considerations may make potential transactions undesirable to us or to some of our shareholders whose country of residence does not have a tax treaty with Israel granting tax relief to such shareholders from Israeli tax. For example, Israeli tax law does not recognize tax-free share exchanges to the same extent as U.S. tax law. With respect to mergers, Israeli tax law allows for tax deferral in certain circumstances but makes the deferral contingent on the fulfillment of numerous conditions, including a holding period of two years from the date of the transaction during which certain sales and dispositions of shares of the participating companies are restricted. Moreover, with respect to certain share swap transactions, the tax deferral is limited in time, and when such time expires, the tax becomes payable even if no disposition of the shares has occurred.
 
We do not expect to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future.
 
We have never declared or paid any dividends on our ordinary shares. We do not anticipate paying any dividends in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, to finance operations and expand our business. Consequently, investors who purchase our ordinary shares may be unable to realize a gain on their investment except by selling such shares after price appreciation, which may never occur.
 
Our board of directors has sole discretion whether to pay dividends. If our board of directors decides to pay dividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that our directors may deem relevant. The Companies Law imposes restrictions on our ability to declare and pay dividends.
 
Payment of dividends may also be subject to Israeli withholding taxes. See “Taxation” in Item 10.E below for additional information.
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We will continue to incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management is required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives and corporate governance practices.
 
As a public company we will continue to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the listing requirements of Nasdaq and other applicable securities rules and regulations impose various requirements on public companies, including establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and corporate governance practices. Our management and other personnel have and will continue to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, these rules and regulations will continue to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, as a public company it is more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and it is more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our board.
 
Furthermore, we are required to comply with the SEC’s rules implementing Sections 302 and 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which require management to certify financial and other information in our annual reports and provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of control over financial reporting. We are also required to disclose changes in internal control over financial reporting on an annual basis. Additionally, we are required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm.
 
To maintain compliance with Section 404, we continue to engage in a process to document and evaluate our internal control over financial reporting, which is both costly and challenging. In this regard, we continue to dedicate internal resources and have engaged outside consultants and adopted a detailed work plan to continue to assess and document the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, continue to undertake steps to improve control processes as appropriate, validate through testing that controls are functioning as documented and implement a continuous reporting and improvement process for internal control over financial reporting. Despite our efforts, there is a risk that we will not be able to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting as required by Section 404. If we identify one or more material weaknesses in our internal control, it could result in an adverse reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of confidence in the reliability of our financial statements.
 
Irrespective of compliance with Sections 404, any failure of our internal control could have a material adverse effect on our stated results of operations and harm our reputation. In order to implement changes to our internal control over financial reporting triggered by a failure of those controls, we could experience higher than anticipated operating expenses, as well as higher independent auditor fees during and after the implementation of these changes.
 
Our amended and restated articles of association provide that unless we consent to an alternate forum, the federal district courts of the United States shall be the exclusive forum of resolution of any claims arising under the Securities Act which may impose additional litigation costs on our shareholders.
 
Our amended and restated articles of association provide that the federal district courts of the United States shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any claims arising under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations promulgated pursuant to such statutes. Notwithstanding the foregoing, we note that holders of our securities cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder, and Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. As a result, the exclusive jurisdiction provision may not preclude or contract the scope of exclusive federal or concurrent jurisdiction for actions brought under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, or the respective rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. While the Federal Forum Provision does not restrict the ability of our shareholders to bring claims under the Securities Act, nor does it affect the remedies available thereunder if such claims are successful, we recognize that it may limit shareholders ability to bring a claim in the judicial forum that they find favorable and may increase certain litigation costs which may discourage the filing of claims against the Company, its directors and officers.
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If we were deemed to be an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”), applicable restrictions could make it impractical for us to continue our business as contemplated and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 
Under Sections 3(a)(1)(A) and (C) of the 1940 Act, a company generally will be deemed to be an “investment company” for purposes of the 1940 Act if (1) it is, or holds itself out as being, engaged primarily, or proposes to engage primarily, in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities or (2) it engages, or proposes to engage, in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and it owns or proposes to acquire investment securities having a value exceeding 40% of the value of its total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis. We do not believe that we are an “investment company,” as such term is defined in either of those sections of the 1940 Act.
 
Notwithstanding Sections 3(a)(1)(A) and (C) of the 1940 Act, we are a research and development company and comply with the safe harbor requirements of Rule 3a-8 of the 1940 Act. We intend to conduct our operations so that we will not be deemed an investment company. However, if we were to be deemed an investment company, restrictions imposed by the 1940 Act, including limitations on our capital structure and our ability to transact with affiliates, could make it impractical for us to continue our business as contemplated and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 
Risks Relating to Our Incorporation and Location in Israel
 
Conditions in Israel, including the recent attack by Hamas and other terrorist organizations from the Gaza Strip and Israel’s war against them and the tension between Israel and Hezbollah in the northern border of Israel, could materially and adversely affect our business.
 
We are incorporated under the laws of the State of Israel and some of our employees, including certain management members operate from our offices that are located in Petah Tikva, Israel. In addition, a number of our officers and directors are residents of Israel. Accordingly, political, economic, and military conditions in Israel and the surrounding region may directly affect our business and operations.
 
In October 2023, Hamas terrorists launched an attack on Israel, including infiltrating Israel’s southern border from the Gaza Strip, and launching extensive rocket attacks on Israel, resulting in extensive deaths, injuries and kidnapping of civilians and soldiers. Following the attack, Israel declared war against Hamas and a military campaign against these terrorist organizations commenced in parallel to their continued rocket and terror attacks. In addition, since the commencement of these events, there have been continued hostilities along Israel’s northern border with Lebanon (with the Hezbollah terror organization) and southern border (with the Houthi movement in Yemen, as described below). It is possible that hostilities with Hezbollah in Lebanon will escalate, and that other terrorist organizations, including Palestinian military organizations in the West Bank as well as other hostile countries, such as Iran, will join the hostilities. Such clashes may escalate in the future into a greater regional conflict.
 
Furthermore, following Hamas’ attack on Israel and Israel’s declaration of war against Hamas, the Houthi movement, which controls parts of Yemen, launched a number of attacks on marine vessels traversing the Red Sea, which marine vessels were thought to either be in route towards Israel or to be partly owned by Israeli businessmen. The Red Sea is a vital maritime route for international trade traveling to or from Israel.
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The hostilities with Hamas, Hezbollah and other organizations and countries have included and may include terror, missile and drone attacks. In the event that our facilities are damaged as a result of hostile actions, or hostilities otherwise disrupt our ongoing operations, our ability to offer our platforms and solutions to our merchants could be materially and adversely affected. Our commercial insurance does not cover losses that may occur as a result of events associated with war and terrorism. Although the Israeli government currently covers the reinstatement value of direct damages that are caused by terrorist attacks or acts of war, we cannot assure you that this government coverage will be maintained or that it will sufficiently cover our potential damages. Any losses or damages incurred by us could have a material adverse effect on our business. Any armed conflicts or political instability in the region would likely negatively affect business conditions and could harm our results of operations.
 
The intensity and duration of Israel’s current war against Hamas is difficult to predict, as are such war’s economic implications on the Company’s business and operations and on Israel’s economy in general, that may involve a downgrade in Israel's credit rating by rating agencies (such as the recent downgrade by Moody’s of its credit rating of Israel from A1 to A2, as well as the downgrade of its outlook rating from “stable” to “negative”). These events may be intertwined with wider macroeconomic indications of a deterioration of Israel’s economic standing, which may have a material adverse effect on the Company and its ability to effectively conduct its operations.
 
Further, the State of Israel and Israeli companies have been from time to time subjected to economic boycotts. Several countries still restrict business with the State of Israel and with Israeli companies. These restrictive laws and policies may have an adverse impact on our operating results, financial condition or the expansion of our business. A campaign of boycotts, divestment and sanctions has been undertaken against Israel, which could also adversely impact our business. In addition, there have been increased efforts by countries, activists and organizations to cause companies and consumers to boycott Israeli goods and services. In addition, in January 2024 the International Court of Justice, or ICJ, issued an interim ruling in a case filed by South Africa against Israel in December 2023, making allegations of genocide amid and in connection with the war in Gaza, and ordered Israel, among other things, to take measures to prevent genocidal acts, prevent and punish incitement to genocide, and take steps to provide basic services and humanitarian aid to civilians in Gaza. There are concerns that companies and businesses will terminate, and may have already terminated, certain commercial relationships with Israeli companies following the ICJ decision. The foregoing efforts by countries, activists and organizations, particularly if they become more widespread, as well as the ICJ rulings and future rulings and orders of other tribunals against Israel (if handed), may materially and adversely impact our ability to offer our platforms and solutions to our merchants.
 
Finally, political conditions within Israel may affect our operations. Israel has held five general elections between 2019 and 2022, and prior to October 2023, the Israeli government pursued extensive changes to Israel’s judicial system. In response to the foregoing developments, individuals, organizations and institutions, both within and outside of Israel, voiced concerns that the proposed changes may negatively impact the business environment in Israel including due to reluctance of foreign investors to invest or transact business in Israel as well as to increased currency fluctuations, downgrades in credit rating, increased interest rates, increased volatility in security markets, and other changes in macroeconomic conditions. To date, these initiatives have been substantially put on hold. If such changes to Israel’s judicial system are again pursued by the government and approved by the parliament, this may have an adverse effect on our business, our results of operations and our ability to raise additional funds, if deemed necessary by our management and board of directors.
 
Competition for skilled technical and other personnel in Israel is intense, and as a result we may fail to attract, recruit, retain and develop qualified employees, which could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations
 
We compete in a market marked by rapidly changing technologies and an evolving competitive landscape. In order for us to successfully compete and grow, we must attract, recruit, retain and develop personnel with requisite qualifications to provide expertise across the entire spectrum of our intellectual capital and business needs.
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Our principal research and development as well as significant elements of our general and administrative activities are conducted at our headquarters in Israel, and we face significant competition for suitably skilled employees in Israel. While there has been intense competition for qualified human resources in the Israeli high-tech industry historically, the industry experienced record growth and activity in 2021, both at the earlier stages of venture capital and growth equity financings, and at the exit stage of initial public offerings and mergers and acquisitions. This flurry of growth and activity has caused a sharp increase in job openings in both Israeli high-tech companies and Israeli research and development centers of foreign companies, and intensification of competition between these employers to attract qualified employees in Israel. As a result, the high-tech industry in Israel has experienced levels of employee attrition and is currently facing shortage of skilled human capital, including engineering, research and development, sales and customer support personnel. Many of the companies with which we compete for qualified personnel have greater resources than we do, and we may not succeed in recruiting additional experienced or professional personnel, retaining personnel or effectively replacing current personnel who may depart with qualified or effective successors. Failure to retain or attract qualified personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. 
 
It may be difficult to enforce a U.S. judgment against us, our officers and directors named in this Annual Report in Israel or the United States, or to assert U.S. securities laws claims in Israel or serve process on our officers and directors.
 
Not all of our directors or officers are residents of the United States and most of their and our assets are located outside the United States. Service of process upon us or our non-U.S. resident directors and officers and enforcement of judgments obtained in the United States against us or our non-U.S. our directors and executive officers may be difficult to obtain within the United States. We have been informed by our legal counsel in Israel that it may be difficult to assert claims under U.S. securities laws in original actions instituted in Israel or obtain a judgment based on the civil liability provisions of U.S. federal securities laws. Israeli courts may refuse to hear a claim based on an alleged violation of U.S. securities laws against us or our non-U.S. officers and directors reasoning that Israel is not the most appropriate forum to bring such a claim. In Israeli courts, the content of applicable U.S. law must be proved as a fact by an expert witnesses, which can be a time-consuming and costly process and certain matters of procedure may be governed by Israeli law. There is little binding case law in Israel addressing the matters described above. Israeli courts might not enforce judgments rendered outside Israel, which may make it difficult to collect on judgments rendered against us or our non-U.S. officers and directors.
 
Moreover, an Israeli court will not enforce a non-Israeli judgment if it was given in a state whose laws do not provide for the enforcement of judgments of Israeli courts (subject to exceptional cases), if its enforcement is likely to prejudice the sovereignty or security of the State of Israel, if it was obtained by fraud or in the absence of due process, if it is at variance with another valid judgment that was given in the same matter between the same parties, or if a suit in the same matter between the same parties was pending before a court or tribunal in Israel at the time the foreign action was brought.
 
Your rights and responsibilities as our shareholder will be governed by Israeli law, which may differ in some respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders of U.S. corporations.
 
We are incorporated under Israeli law. The rights and responsibilities of holders of our ordinary shares are governed by our amended and restated articles of association and the Companies Law. These rights and responsibilities differ in some respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders in typical U.S. corporations. In particular, pursuant to the Companies Law each shareholder of an Israeli company has to act in good faith and in a customary manner in exercising his, her or its rights and fulfilling his, her or its obligations toward the Company and other shareholders and to refrain from abusing his, her or its power in the Company, including, among other things, in voting at the general meeting of shareholders, on amendments to a company’s articles of association, increases in a company’s authorized share capital, mergers and certain transactions requiring shareholders’ approval under the Companies Law. In addition, a controlling shareholder of an Israeli company or a shareholder who knows that it possesses the power to determine the outcome of a shareholder vote or who has the power to appoint or prevent the appointment of a director or officer in the Company, or has other powers toward the Company has a duty of fairness toward the Company. However, Israeli law does not define the substance of this duty of fairness. There is little case law available to assist in understanding the implications of these provisions that govern shareholder behavior.
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Our amended and restated articles of association provide that unless the Company consents otherwise, the competent courts of Tel Aviv, Israel shall be the sole and exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between the Company and its shareholders under the Companies Law and the Israeli Securities Law, which could limit its shareholders ability to brings claims and proceedings against, as well as obtain favorable judicial forum for disputes with the Company, its directors, officers and other employees.
 
The competent courts of Tel Aviv, Israel shall be the exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Company, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer or other employee of the Company to the Company or the Company’s shareholders, or (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Companies Law or the Israeli Securities Law. This exclusive forum provisions is intended to apply to claims arising under Israeli Law and would not apply to claims brought pursuant to the Securities Act or the Exchange Act or any other claim for which federal courts would have exclusive jurisdiction. Such exclusive forum provision in our amended and restated articles of association will not relieve the Company of its duties to comply with federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder, and shareholders of the Company will not be deemed to have waived the Company’s compliance with these laws, rules and regulations. This exclusive forum provision may limit a shareholders ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum of its choosing for disputes with the Company or its directors or other employees which may discourage lawsuits against the Company, its directors, officers and employees.
 
Item 4. Information on the Company
 
A.
    History and Development of the Company

Global-E Online Ltd. was incorporated in February 2013 under the Companies Law in the State of Israel and commenced operations at that time. Our commercial name is Global-e. Our principal executive offices are located at 9 HaPsagot Street, Petah Tikva 4951041, Israel. Our website address is www.global-e.com and our telephone number is +972-73-2605078. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute a part of this Annual Report and is not incorporated by reference herein. We have included our website address in this Annual Report solely for informational purposes. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers, such as we, that file electronically, with the SEC at www.sec.gov.
 
Our agent for service of process in the United States is Global-e US Inc., which maintains its principal offices at 200 West 41st. Street, New York, NY. Its telephone number is +1 347-990-3857.
 
For a description of additional important events in the development of the Company’s business, see Item 5. “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.”
 
For a description of our principal capital expenditures and divestitures, see Item 5. “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.”
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B.
    Business Overview
 
Overview
 
Our platforms were purpose-built for international shoppers to buy seamlessly online and for merchants to sell from, and to, anywhere in the world - in short, to “go global”. At the same time, to “be local” reflects the localization of the shopper’s experience and our effort to make international transactions as seamless as domestic ones. We increase the conversion of international traffic into sales by removing much of the complexity associated with international e-commerce. We provide a mission-critical, integrated solution that creates a localized and frictionless shopper experience and our platforms are simple to manage, flexible to adjust and smart in the local market insights and best practices. The vast capabilities of our end-to-end platforms include interaction with shoppers in their native languages, market-adjusted pricing, payment options tailored to local market preferences, compliance with local consumer regulations and requirements such as customs duties and taxes, shipping services, after-sales support and returns management. These elements are unified under our platforms and services to enhance the shopper experience and enable merchants to capture the global e-commerce opportunity.
 
We operate at the forefront of global e-commerce, which is being transformed by technology, internet adoption and the rise of social networks connecting the world. Shopper buying habits are rapidly shifting online, as shoppers expect to be able to purchase any product online - from anywhere in the world. Trends and consumer tastes are becoming increasingly global, driving the expansion of global e-commerce, but the preference remains for an intuitive online shopping experience that feels local. In parallel, the rapid growth in e-commerce has created an opportunity for merchants to build and strengthen a direct relationship with the shopper. Solutions that enable D2C sales have become a strategic priority for brands and retailers as they seek to take advantage of these e-commerce trends, gaining ownership and knowledge of their international shoppers.
 
Our comprehensive platforms create differentiated benefits for both shoppers and merchants. Shoppers seek competitive, localized and transparent pricing, a seamless and secure order and delivery process, and a painless returns and refunding process. We address these needs through a fully localized experience that removes many of the barriers shoppers face when purchasing from merchants internationally. We integrate with and enhance the online stores of merchants and localize the shoppers’ experience based on the country from which they shop. We support local messaging in over 30 languages, purchases in more than 100 currencies by over 150 payment methods and a multitude of shipping options. Shoppers can enjoy a fully guaranteed landed price quote, which includes shipping costs, import duties and tax charges, as well as post-sale services, such as multi-lingual customer service and a managed returns service. The enhanced shopper experience we enable, typically results in improved sales conversion of our merchants’ international traffic, thereby increasing their revenues from global shoppers. We have seen merchants experience significant uplift in international traffic conversion after beginning to use our platform.
 
For merchants, our platforms also remove much of the complexity that is associated with global e-commerce. Sales are reconciled and paid for locally and in the currency of the merchant’s domicile. We handle import duties calculation and collection, foreign sales tax remittance as well as tax recovery for returned goods in line with market regulations. We also displace certain fraud and foreign exchange risks that would otherwise be borne by merchants. We allow merchants to expand and scale their global reach rapidly and efficiently, enabling a quick go-to-market with limited investment.
 
The scale and sophistication of our platforms relies on the data and insights we’ve accumulated since our founding more than ten years ago. We refer to the application of our data as “Smart Insights” - country-, price-point- and vertical-specific lessons learned about shopper behavior. These insights are expanded every time a potential shopper enters a merchant’s online store - which occurs hundreds of millions of times each year - allowing us to gather additional data points along the purchasing journey. We believe that by leveraging our Smart Insights, merchants can provide highly optimized experiences for shoppers on a per-market, per-vertical and per-price point basis, driving increased sales conversion and revenues. By providing a seamless shopper experience and empowering merchants to capture the global e-commerce opportunity, we believe that we drive more transactions and thereby accumulate more data, which in turn increases the quality and depth of our Smart Insights. This creates strong flywheel effect that further power our business and that of our merchants.
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The merchants’ success is our success, and we aspire to become their trusted partner for international sales. The better the outcomes for the merchants and the more revenue and growth they achieve, the greater our own revenue and growth. We believe this alignment of interests with the merchants is core to our long-term success.
 
In September 2023, Shopify launched “Shopify Markets Pro”, a white-label cross-border MoR offering, powered by Global-e, currently available to Shopify US-based merchants. Shopify Markets Pro is based on the Flow platform, leveraging its robust API-based technology and enables merchants of diverse scales, encompassing small and emerging businesses, to seamlessly extend their brand offerings globally with streamlined integration efforts. Moreover, Shopify Markets Pro boasts advanced self-service capabilities, further enhancing its appeal and functionality to merchants seeking international market expansion.
 
Our business has experienced rapid growth over the last years and generally since our inception. Our GMV amounted to $1,449 million, $2,450 million and $3,557 million in 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively, representing an increase of 69% and 45% in the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively. Our revenues were $245.3 million, $409.0 million and $569.9 million in the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023 respectively, representing an increase of 66.8% and 39.3% in the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2023 respectively. Our operating efficiency and growing economies of scale have allowed our gross profit growth rates to outpace those of our revenue growth. Our gross profit increased by 73% and 48% in the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023. Our gross margin has steadily improved from 37.3% in 2021 to 38.7% in 2022 and to 41.0% in 2023. Our Non-GAAP gross profit has increased by 84% and 46% in the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 and our Non-GAAP gross margin has reached 42.9% in the year ended December 31, 2023. Our operating loss has Increased from $65.7 million in 2021 to $189.3 million in 2022 and decreased to $137.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2023. Our Adjusted EBITDA has grown from $32.4 million in 2021 to $48.7 million in 2022 and to $92.7 million in the year ended December 31, 2023.
 
Our Opportunity
 
We strive to make international sales as simple as domestic ones for our merchants, while also ensuring that shoppers enjoy an intuitive and frictionless shopper journey, making both shoppers and merchants “abroad-agnostic”. We believe that our scalable platforms enable our merchants to capture the large and growing global e-commerce market. As of December 31, 2023, we served 1,256 merchants on our enterprise platforms across over 30 countries, mainly in the United States, the United Kingdom, other Western European markets and Asia Pacific (“APAC”) countries. In addition, we served thousands of US- based merchants through Shopify Markets Pro; overall, we sell to shoppers in over 200 destination markets worldwide. Forrester estimated that by 2023, the cross-border e-commerce market will reach $736 billion. For the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, our merchants’ transactions amounted to a GMV of $2,450 million and $3,557 million, respectively. We believe we have the potential to become an industry-defining player that enables merchants to capture the global e-commerce opportunity.
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Our Solutions
 
Global-e is a leader in global e-commerce enablement. We offer full end-to-end platforms built on a highly scalable technology stack. Our comprehensive solutions provides merchants with mission-critical tools that enable them to sell and scale globally.
 
We believe our offering is a result of a potent combination of key components that will help further fuel the growth of global e-commerce by:

Offering an intuitive and frictionless shopper journey and solving the merchants’ needs through our purpose-built end-to-end platforms
  
Through a combination of proprietary capabilities and useful third-party integrations, Global-e is able to create a localized and efficient experience for shoppers regardless of the country they are shopping from.

Our platforms include mission-critical tools, from local pricing and payments capabilities to after-sales support. We also simplify the international order flow – regardless of shopper and merchant origin, currency and payment method used, whether duties and taxes were pre-paid and which shipping option was chosen – making it as simple to complete as if it was a domestic order.

Across our platforms, we are able to support:
 
•
Languages - localized marketing messaging and checkout in over 30 languages.
   
•
Pricing - more than 100 currencies as well as a sophisticated pricing engine customizable according to the shopper’s location, local market retail pricing conventions and the merchant’s pricing strategy. 
   
•
Payments - over 150 payment methods, with new payment methods being continuously added.
   
•
 
Duties and taxes – the ability to accurately pre-calculate import duties and taxes and remit them in over 170 destination markets, simplifying the customs clearance process and allowing for a guaranteed landed price quote for both the shopper and the merchant. We also ensure we are addressing local market import restrictions.
   
•
 
Delivery - an extensive network of more than 20 shipping carriers, offering multiple shipping modes at attractive rates, including specialized shipping options such as Pick-Up & Drop-Off where applicable. We have found that shopper preferences for shipping modes and pricing vary significantly among markets and are an important driver of conversion rates. 
   
•
After-sale support and returns – multi-lingual shopper services and multiple returns options, including pre-paid and local returns in relevant markets.

The combination of these extensive international capabilities embeds a highly-localized shopper journey into the framework of a merchant’s e-commerce store. This creates benefits for shoppers, who enjoy an efficient and familiar experience, while gaining direct access to the merchant’s full and original e-commerce website. Their positive experience allows us to significantly increase the conversion of our merchants’ international traffic and, consequently, their revenue.

•
 
Increased sales conversion: we enable merchants to scale globally in a rapid, efficient manner. We ensure that the merchants are able to capitalize on their valuable international shopper traffic and growth potential by eliminating friction to close the gap between international markets’ share of traffic and monetization. This enables the merchants to generate an uplift in sales from the conversion of their international shopper conversion. We have seen merchants experience significant uplift in international traffic conversion after beginning to use our platform.
   
•
 
Enabling expansion flexibility: Global-e presents merchants with flexibility to expand as they seek to capture the global e-commerce opportunity. We transform what otherwise would have required significant time and financial investments in proprietary development and go-to-market efforts into an efficient expansion solution managed by adjusting mere configurations on the Global-e platforms per market.
   
•
 
Reducing merchant complexity: Global-e assumes the role of merchant of record (“MoR”) vis-à-vis the shopper. We believe that taking on such responsibility significantly reduces legal complexity for the merchants, as we report and forward relevant import taxes and handle import compliance in the local market to where a sale is made, in line with specific market regulations. Our MoR status allows us to handle tax recovery for returned goods, with no hassle to the merchant. We bear certain fraud and foreign exchange risks that would otherwise be borne by the merchants and offer simple access to dozens of local payment methods, which further reduces potential frictions that could deter both merchants and shoppers from engaging in global transactions. We also adapt our systems and operations on an ongoing basis to address the evolving regulatory landscape and technical backdrop. Vis-à-vis the merchant, we streamline order processing by periodically reconciling all international orders in bulk and in the merchant’s native currency. In short, we aim to provide an experience that is akin to a domestic transaction.
   
•
 
Emphasizing merchant branding: maintaining the direct shopper relationships is of strategic importance to the merchants, and we are deeply committed to preserving that connection. All throughout the process, the merchants preserve the integrity of the brand experience and enhance their brand equity. We use minimal own branding - and only where required to do so - so shoppers primarily face the merchant’s existing storefront and brand experience.

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Combining our access to data and know-how to generate Smart Insights
 
We believe we are well-positioned to provide insights to our merchants thanks to both the breadth and depth of the data we generate, on the basis of the significant international traffic on our merchants’ websites and the millions of transactions we facilitate on a yearly basis. For the year ended December 31, 2023, there were approximately 1.3 billion visits across our merchants’ e-commerce sites, and we enabled approximately 18 million transactions across over 30 origin countries and over 200 destination markets. We gather extensive data along the entire value chain and lifecycle of an order - from the initial visit to the e-commerce store through the actual purchase, delivery and returns.
  
Our proprietary models use this wealth of information to generate curated and actionable Smart Insights for our merchants, advising them on how certain changes to their online value proposition would potentially affect shopper conversion rates. We also provide detailed business analytics on a market-per-market basis, leveraging our know-how, tools and data. Such Smart Insights enable the merchants to optimize their offering to the shoppers by location, alleviating the need for trial and error in order to assess customer preferences on a standalone basis.
 
Our holistic approach - coupling our localization capabilities and market know-how with our data driven Smart Insights - enables the merchants to unlock their potential for global D2C sales by means of a localized and optimized offering for each individual market, vertical and price segment.
 
Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Practices
 
Global-e platforms and offerings are designed to promote access and reduce borders and barriers in global e-commerce, where such access can potentially be offered while taking into consideration and contributing to the Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) goals of our stakeholders, including our merchants and the shoppers. To that end, we have committed to develop our ESG strategy and workplan in alignment with our business strategy and the expectations of our stakeholders, our partners within the value chain, our employees and our local communities.

We continue to gradually develop our ESG strategy. The ultimate responsibility for our ESG strategy, goals, practices and the underlying workplan is vested with our Board of Directors, and the powers and authority to monitor and oversight were delegated and vested to the Board’s Nominating, Governance and Sustainability Committee (NGSC). The NGSC established an executive committee (consisting of c-level management) under its supervision and direction to lead the development and execution of our ESG workplan, and such executive committee has been, and will continue to work closely with various relevant departments and officers, including Facility Managers, Human Resources, Operations, Security and Tech Ops and Legal, among others in designing, furthering and implementing our ESG work plan. In 2023, the Executive Committee held 10 meetings in which key ESG strategy and workplan were discussed.
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In 2023, we started to prioritize the enhancement of awareness and understanding of our ESG workplans among the members of our management and Board of Directors. The objective of these initiatives was to enable our leadership team to be adequately-equipped with the knowledge necessary for our ESG related decision-making processes.

In the course of our ongoing Board of Directors and NGSC meetings, we held sessions on ESG fundamentals and the relevance of ESG considerations to our business operations and our workplan (including discussions related to the SEC climate disclosure rules). Special focus was given to cybersecurity. The sessions aimed to provide our board members with an understanding how our ESG workplan fits our strategy, in accordance with the materiality assessment conducted by the company. In addition, as part of its ongoing meeting agenda, the Executive Committee underwent sessions that contributed to the understanding of its members of certain functional areas related to the company’s workplan. These sessions covered topics such as integrating sustainability into business operations, stakeholder engagement, and measuring and reporting ESG performance.

We view ESG as an integral part of our corporate strategy and we remain committed to fostering a culture that values sustainable, conscious and responsible business practices. We believe that the sessions conducted during the past year mark the beginning of an ongoing commitment to ESG education within our organization, and serve as a foundation for continued learning and application of ESG considerations in our business operations. We plan to gradually include relevant managers and employees in certain session in the future, and provide relevant tools for encouraging creativity, and fostering engagement, leading to sustainable value creation.

In 2023, we took the first steps to review climate change impacts and addressing Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI) gaps across the organization. We have started to develop a plan to prioritize and promote efforts to manage key long-term non-financial parameters important to our business.

Following our 2022 engagement with the ESG advisory team of Nasdaq Corporate Solutions, LLC, that conducted our first ESG materiality assessment based on what we believe were and still are our stakeholders’ values and our internal leadership views and attitude on ESG, in light of our missions and business strategy, our 2023 workplan was designed and prioritized in consideration with such materiality assessment.

Sustainability

In 2023 Global-e initiated preliminary steps towards assessing and potentially reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with our operations. Recognizing the impact of our activities on the environment, we have started exploring measures to reduce our carbon footprint.

We have always considered the importance of energy efficiency within our office spaces. We have recently adopted facility management policy. We aspire to explore how we can reduce waste generation in our offices, focusing on identifying opportunities to reduce use of paper (by setting a must-have only printing policy, and have reduced significantly the use of disposables including paper cups in our largest office location in Israel), as well as taking steps to implementing recycling practices (for example, in our London office, which is our second largest office facility). For example, the policy requires us to donate unused electrical appliances to non-profit organizations and schools, and placed measures to using only wired computer accessories to limit the use of battery.

We have initiated collaborative discussions with our carriers to jointly assess the measuring of carbon footprint associated with transportation and logistics. These collaborative assessments will inform future strategies for emissions reduction within our supply chain. We are pleased with our carrier network for having their own programs and initiatives, and while we cannot directly influence the scope or success of such programs, we believe that having our lion-share shipments carried through such network, has a meaningful contribution to any carbon-reduction goals.
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In collaboration with some of our carriers, we were able to pilot a proposed rate card that incorporates optional offsetting fees for GHG emissions. This initiative aims to encourage and facilitate carbon-neutral shipping options for our merchants. We cannot control or impact our merchants’ choice or the actual offering made by such carriers, but we remain committed to making such rate cards available as part of our proposition as long is the carriers make it available on their end. We believe that such offering echoes the importance of emissions reduction along the supply chain.

In tandem with our efforts to address GHG emissions, Global-e is considering initiatives related to circular economy. Global-e has commenced internal preliminary mapping of areas where circular economy modalities could be applied. We are in the early stages of engaging with our carriers and other vendors to explore circular economy initiatives collaboratively. We are committed to taking on these initial steps and further considering and integrating sustainability considerations into our business practices and commercial offering. These efforts align with our commitment to responsible corporate citizenship and addressing the environmental impact of our operations.

While the steps taken are in an early stage, Global-e views sustainability as an ongoing journey, and we are dedicated to exploring and implementing initiatives that could positively contribute to the environment and support sustainability.

Employee Recruitment, Retention and Engagement
 
Our workforce has grown significantly in recent periods, and that has, and continues to require us to seek to build and maintain a working environment that caters for employees motivation, talent, wellbeing and safety, while promoting personal and professional development.

We consider the needs of our clients in our existing and new markets for local culture and local business etiquette. In 2023, we continued to recruit relevant talent to strengthen our team capabilities in our offices worldwide. As we continue to grow our workforce and to expand geographically, diversity will continue to be important to who we are, allowing us to better serve our customers in a local culture fashion yet with a global expertise earned through cross-organizational collaboration.

We remained committed to creating an inclusive and diverse workplace where all employees feel valued and empowered. We acknowledge the importance of diversity, equity and inclusion in driving innovation, fostering creativity, and promoting long-term sustainability. In 2023 we took some initial yet meaningful strides in enhancing our commitment to DEI within the organization. We also take our legal responsibilities seriously, and our DEI efforts are and will continue to be undertaken in a manner that is consistent with applicable law. As part of our workplan, we considered and undertook various initiatives to measure and plan how to address DEI gaps and promote a culture of diversity and equality. The Executive Committee is responsible for the governance of our DEI roadmap planning and execution, in consultation with its member, our VP of Human Resources. We call out the following items for the past few periods:

1. DEI Gap Assessment: With the support of the PWC Israel, Risk and Forensic Services, ESG group, we conducted preliminary assessment to identify areas of improvement and opportunities for enhancing diversity and inclusion across various facets of the organization, including but not limited to hiring, promotion, and professional development.

2. Policy Development: in tandem with the abovementioned assessment, which was designed in accordance with our management’s guidelines and spirit, and in alignment with industry standards, we initiated the development of DEI policies aimed at providing better guidelines for promoting diversity and equal opportunities within the organization, initially aiming to serve as a guide to the Human Resources (HR) team.

3. Measurement and Analytics: With the support and guidance of PWC Israel, ESG group, we built a matrix of available measurable data, based on industry standard metrics and parameters. This includes the collection and analysis of relevant data to assess the representation of diverse groups in different departments and levels of the organization, in a manner consistent with applicable data privacy laws. On the date of this Annual Report, we are still in the process of analyzing the data we gathered.
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While initial steps were made, it is important to note that the DEI forward plan is still under development. We are committed to keep on building the foundation laid during the previous financial year and continuing to prioritize diversity, equity, and inclusion in our long-term strategy, all based on measurable data and in conformity to our management’s visions and spirit, aligned with industry best practices and recognized reporting standards. We recognize that DEI is an ongoing journey, and we are committed to furthering such efforts. Among other things, we are likely to consider initiatives associated with DEI data measuring, analysis and supporting policies, and training programs.

Human Capital Development, Compensation and Evaluation
 
We value the uniqueness of each of our employees. We appreciate the talent and the caring they put into their work in making us a better organization, which in turn defines our culture, and eventually will make our business strategy, our solutions and our services better. We therefore always aim to encourage and promote our employees’ talent, ambition and sense of devotion.

We seek to provide and constantly develop compensation and equity incentive plans that will remain attractive and rewarding. As such, we offer both stock-based and cash-based compensation awards (in each case subject to eligibility criteria) that are designed to commensurate individual performance and meeting objectives.

Our recruitment spans through students, junior professionals through senior seasoned executives. None of our employees is represented by a labor organization or is a party to a collective bargaining arrangement or expansion orders of such arrangements, with the exception of a small number of employees in France, Spain, Australia and Israel who are covered by mandatory industry-wide collective bargaining agreements in accordance with local law.

We are extremely proud of our employees. In 2023, more than 70 employees (approximately 7.5% of our global workforce) were promoted or assumed new roles within the organization. We believe that such vote of confidence is the result of our culture.

During 2023 our hybrid remote work policies remained in place, enabling our employees to work remotely for parts of the work-week, while still fully operating all our office facilities, and maintaining health and safety measures.

We consider inclusive work culture to be an important criterion in promoting collaboration and transparency among our employees, while still offering private spaces for personal and professional needs. To that end, we strive to have an open workspace with optimized balance between team collaboration and private space.

We offer our employees opportunities to acquire new skills, and to develop through exploration, experience and learning, by providing them learning and development programs. We have a dedicated personnel within our Human Resources team, supervised by our executive leadership, who focus, and will continue to focus, on developing learning, training and growth policies and plans, through internal and external platforms, to be made available for our people worldwide. The Juno Journey platform, which was implemented in 2022, offered tens of thousands of external learning resources from which each employee could choose for own personal and professional growth path. The use of Juno as part of our new-employee induction and training program supported the onboarding of our new hires in 2023, where all new hires used Juno as part of their induction training. Over 70% of our employees are actively using the platform. We have allocated each employee an annual budget allowing them to attend, on average, 2-3 courses of their choice. We continued to create and develop in-house courses and professional sessions covering our products, technology and offering.
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In parallel, we started building our in-house competence development program. The program is expected to focus mostly on spreading the knowledge about our solution across all verticals in the organization.

In an effort to promote candid and effective dialog between employees and their managers with a view to contribute to career development and personal accomplishments, we carried on with our annual review processes for all employees across the world, making the process streamlined and efficient. In 2023, employees went through their annual performance review, the vast majority of them within the first two months from the end of 2022, and complete salary review withing the first quarter of 2023. Any annual performance and goals review is based on personal individual work and development plan with specific objectives and, if applicable, resource requirements, always attempting to balance between business needs and personal aspirations and targets.

Business Ethics
 
Our unique position as an e-commerce enabler comes with great responsibility to the value chain stakeholders – our merchants (brands and retailers), our consumer shoppers and the vendors we work with or collaborate when we perform our services. We aim to hold ourselves to the highest standard of business and professional ethics, and expect our stakeholders to do the same. We are committed to making equal and unbiased selection of partners, honor our promises and commitments, and stay accountable to our actions and choices towards our stakeholders.

Being a founder-led organization, operating under the oversight of our Board of Directors and its committees, we are committed to the values and standards of behavior set forth in our Code of Conduct. We will keep our employees appraised of the code by annual training and making it available to all, including by reference in our service contracts with our merchants. Our Board of Directors, with the support of our management, has recently conducted a review of the Code of Conduct to reaffirm our commitment to maintaining the highest standards of integrity, transparency, and ethical behavior in all aspects of our operation. No material changes were made in the course of such recent review of the Code of Conduct.

Board Composition
 
We are privileged to have experienced industry-relevant leaders as our members of the Board of Directors. The members of our Board of Directors bring years of leadership experience, making it fit for overseeing our organization’s governance and compliance. We maintain a majority independent Board of Directors, with five independent directors. We believe our Board of Directors demonstrates balanced perspectives of relatively newly appointed directors and required industrial knowledge from the more tenured directors. Under the supervision of the NGSC, we previously conducted Board of Directors and Committee evaluation to facilitate an assessment of the performance of the Board of Directors and its Committee and assessing its strengths and weaknesses and laying a foundation for discussion and future improvement. 3 of our directors self-identify as women or non-binary, and 2 self-identify as members of traditionally underrepresented racial/ethnic groups in their home jurisdiction.
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Our Merchants
 
We serve a fast-growing and diverse portfolio of merchants around the globe
 
As of December 31, 2023, we had 1,256 merchants using our enterprise platforms, up 21.2% from 1,036 merchants as of December 31, 2022 and 91.2% from 657 merchants as of December 31, 2021. In addition, as of December 31, 2023, we had thousands of merchants already onboarded and using Shopify Markets Pro. During the year ended December 31, 2023, merchants using our platforms made transactions at a total GMV of $3,557 million, up 45% from $2,450 million in the year ended December 31, 2022. The merchants we serve are highly diverse across:

•
Multiple origin countries - we serve merchants from multiple locations including the United States, the United Kingdom, various European markets, Japan, Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, the United Arab Emirates and other markets globally.
   
•
Multiple product verticals - fashion and apparel, luxury, footwear, cosmetics, accessories, children’s fashion, watches and jewelry, sporting equipment, consumer electronics, toys and hobbies, automotive spare parts, and others. 
   
•
Multiple product price points - ranging from everyday fashion retailers to ultra-high-end brands.
   
•
Multiple merchant sizes - from multi-billion-dollar global high-street brands to emerging small and medium businesses. 
   
•
Multiple merchant types - from traditional bricks-and-mortar retailers who have been transitioning to the digital D2C realm to emerging digital-native brands. 

We believe that our large and highly diverse portfolio of merchants presents several key advantages:
 
•
A rich, diverse and fast-growing data asset of international transactions, enabling us to produce Smart Insights.
   
•
Vertical-level as well as geographical expertise, yielding a competitive advantage when approaching prospective merchants as part of our sales process.
   
•
Strong network and word-of-mouth effects within specific verticals and/or geographies.
   
•
High business resilience due to steadily decreasing merchant concentration.
   
•
A certain level of built-in “natural currency hedge” as a result of our business activity being conducted in a large number of different base currencies.

We have a highly efficient sales and go-to-market strategy

We establish partnerships with new merchants through several sales channels:
  
•
Direct sales - We have a dedicated team of sales executives that use various data sources to screen, qualify, identify and directly approach prospective merchants. 
   
•
Inbound and word-of-mouth - As our scale and the number of merchants we have in each individual market grows, so does our own brand equity. This leads to more inbound prospects as well as stronger word-of-mouth-based sales, whereby  existing Global-e merchants or e-commerce executives recommend our solution to other players in the market.
   
•
Channel partnerships - We have established mutually beneficial strategic partnerships with a range of third parties, including leading e-commerce and technology platforms, shipping providers, third-party logistics providers, payment providers, system integrators and others. In the context of such relationships, our partners pass on leads to our sales teams and provide us with access to merchants. 
   
•
Shopify partnership - In 2021 we entered into the 2021 Shopify Agreement with Shopify to jointly cooperate in offering global e-commerce solutions to Shopify merchants. In January 2022 we extended our partnership with Shopify and entered into the 2022 Shopify Agreement with Flow and Shopify, based on which, in September 2023, Shopify Markets Pro, a white label cross border MoR offering, became generally available to US-based Shopify merchants. Shopify Markets Pro is based on the Flow platform, leveraging its robust API-based technology and it enables merchants of all sizes, including small and emerging merchants, to offer their products internationally with a streamlined integration process and advanced self-service capabilities.

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Sale cycle length depends on several parameters, such as merchant size, vertical, and type of technical integration but takes between three weeks and six months. Once the sales cycle is completed, implementation periods vary, depending on technical complexity, level of granularity of the merchant’s intended international marketing proposition and operational complexity. Implementation projects for large merchants take approximately 12-16 weeks on average while implementation for small businesses take approximately three to six weeks depending on the client internal team engagement.
  
Our Competitive Advantages
 
We believe that we have built a leading combination of platforms, services and data-driven insights and know-how all working in harmony to address merchants’ global e-commerce needs, creating a competitive advantage for our business. We believe our combination of capabilities and expertise uniquely positions us to cater to shoppers globally, driving significant uplifts in international sales conversion rates and revenue growth for our merchants, while also removing much of the complexity and many of the costs inherent to global e-commerce.
 
Key elements of our competitive advantage include the following:
 
Purpose-built, end-to-end platform
 
We understand the challenges and the strategic objectives of our merchants engaging in global e-commerce. We provide merchants with the capabilities required for effective global D2C trade, using a potent combination of our proprietary technology and third-party providers. Our solutions are easy to integrate, platform-agnostic, scalable and able to support merchants of all sizes from small, emerging brands to the world’s largest retailers. We aspire to be inclusive and far-reaching in scope. We thus enable our merchants to expand internationally effectively, and to do so much more efficiently than previously possible.
 
True global e-commerce enabler at scale
 
We believe we are uniquely positioned to capture the global e-commerce opportunity as we are the only direct-to-consumer e-commerce enabler with truly global scale. We have an extensive footprint in North America, the United Kingdom, across the EU, Japan, Australia, United Arab Emirates and other APAC countries. We are diversified by vertical and end-market. Our wide-reaching scale enables us to provide a solution to merchants across the globe. This scale, coupled with strong brand recognition gained since inception, has allowed us to acquire some of the largest merchants in the world as customers.

Differentiated and growing data asset driving flywheel effect
 
The Global-e platforms are based on more than technical solutions and associated capabilities. They are based on data-driven know-how. Data permeates every layer of our platforms. Data drives how we make decisions, how we develop and improve our offering, and how we make the shopper experience efficient and intuitive. We refer to this as “Smart Insights”, which enjoy a strong flywheel effect as we continue to grow at pace driven by:

•
 
“Economies of scale” - Our platforms facilitate millions of international transactions each year across thousands of merchants, spread across multiple geographies, product verticals, price levels, and shopper demographics. We thus accumulate a vast and rich data set and are able to benefit from economies of scale.
   
•
 
“Economies of skill” - Our massive and fast-growing data is a key asset due to the “richness” of its content. Based on this data, and coupled with our operational experience accumulated over years, we are able to generate what we call economies of skill, which enable us to ensure that global sales are optimized for the merchants on a market-by-market basis. 
   
•
 
Flywheel Effect - Our rich data serves as the basis for a powerful flywheel effect: the uplift we generate for our merchants drives more sales and the ability for them to expand into new geographies, which in turn creates more data, which is then fed back into our systems in order to generate even better conversion rates and more uplift. This in turn drives increased sales for our merchants and attracts new merchants to our platforms. Our data engine gets “smarter” with each new site visit, each merchant and each new shopper.

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Partner network fueling our differentiated go-to-market strategy

Our go-to-market strategy targets merchants that want to establish or expand their global e-commerce business. The effectiveness, prominence and stickiness of our platforms have enabled us to acquire many of our merchants organically, supplementing the efforts of our professional salesforce. Many of our new merchants are referrals from existing merchants or e-commerce executives, which serve as brand ambassadors for Global-e. In addition, our commerce enabler, marketing, payments, shipping and logistics, system integration and social media partners, which include global and regional players, act as a meaningful source of referrals and lead generation. Our ability to leverage these relationships is an important source of inbound interest. This is further complemented by our highly efficient sales and marketing efforts. Our salespeople and customer success managers build intimate relationships with our merchant partners and are crucial in further expanding our merchant network.

Robust business model with sticky customers
 
Global-e is a global e-commerce enabler covering the entire shopper journey. Our platforms are deeply integrated within merchants’ existing technology stack providing the core tools to power their day-to- day global operations. As a result, we retain significant “stickiness” within our customer base. Not only do we retain our merchants - our merchants also grow with our platform, and we grow with them. Merchants process large and growing order volumes through our platforms as we become increasingly integral to their daily business operations and as they realize the benefits of using our platforms. An important component of our growth is our existing merchant base, which grows organically each year. Due to our consistently high retention rates, we have strong visibility into the subsequent year’s revenue by looking to our current merchants, in a given period. Attracting new merchants is also critical to the scale of our platforms. We have developed a highly efficient sales model based on a direct sales force, channel partners and strong word of mouth, and we continue to build our capabilities to further strengthen our model.
 
Founder-led management team
 
We are a founder-led management team with a strong corporate culture. We are privileged to be led by our founders, Amir Schlachet, Nir Debbi, and Shahar Tamari, who set the tone for our people:
 
•
 
Customer-Obsessed: We are firm believers in putting our customers first in everything we do. This is a principal tenet of our business. We view the merchants as long-term partners and hold their satisfaction as our guiding principle. Our customer success teams have invaluable tools and data to support the merchants’ ongoing needs, as well as direct access to the senior leadership team, including our founders, to leverage on behalf of our merchant partners. 
   
•
 
Initiative and innovation driven: Our goal is to enable merchants to break geographic boundaries and become globally successful businesses. As such, we invest millions in research and development each year, track trends in the e-commerce world across geographies and constantly improve our product offering. Similarly, we encourage our employees to expand the scope of their defined roles, to take initiative, and to elevate Global-e to the next level - every employee can, and does, make a difference. 
   
•
 
Team-Focused: We are a team. We believe in collaboration and inclusion, from our founding team that has been working together since our inception to our employees across all our offices worldwide. Our hiring decisions are based on attracting people whose values align with ours: creating real, meaningful and sustainable value for our merchants.

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Our Growth Strategy
 
Grow within our existing portfolio of merchants
 
The merchants’ success is our success. We help merchants both grow revenues in their existing markets as well as expand into additional ones. As our merchants’ global sales generated through our platforms grow, attributed either to improved conversion or by expanding their offering into additional geographies, our revenues grow in tandem. Thus, we increase the “stickiness” of our solutions and become increasingly integral to our merchants’ daily businesses as they realize the benefits of using the Global-e platforms. We also have a strong track record of merchants acting as ambassadors for Global-e, referring us to other portfolio brands, as applicable, and more generally, to other potential merchants. We intend to continue deepening our relationships with existing merchants through service and performance of the highest quality, allowing them to continue to serve as our brand ambassadors within and outside their organizations.
 
Acquire new merchants within existing geographies and verticals
 
We have a significant opportunity to continue acquiring new merchants over time. Furthermore, we have proven the ability to rapidly integrate potential merchants with implementation cycles of 12 to 16 weeks on average, and as short as three weeks. We will continue to invest in our marketing and sales teams to enhance awareness of our solutions and to drive lead generation with our strategic partners. We see significant opportunities across multiple existing geographies and brand segments that we believe we are well-positioned to capture.

Expand into additional geographies, verticals and brand segments

We will seek to further expand our geographic footprint and boost our presence across merchant verticals, as well as brand segments. We believe that markets in the vicinity of regions where we already have a strong presence, in particular Europe and North America, and newer markets, such as APAC, are highly relevant for our business.
 
While historically we have held a strong position in the mass market beauty and fashion segments, we have also achieved significant success with merchants in other segments, in particular, within the luxury segment, that we believe we can continue to capitalize on. Additionally, we have extended our reach by engaging with global consumer electronics brands. In order to provide the necessary level of support for these global brands, we have built and continued to build new multi-local capabilities, allowing us to enable localized D2C sales for such brands while also enabling them to utilize their existing local infrastructure, inventory and fulfilment capabilities in multiple destination markets. We are also making use of such multi-local capabilities to better serve the needs of our large global merchants, enabling them to utilize their domestic presence and inventory in chosen markets in order to serve their shoppers in such markets in local fashion, while at the same time serving adjacent markets through our cross-border capabilities.

As we continue to grow and expand into new geographies, through both new merchant acquisition and our existing portfolio of merchants expanding their offerings into additional geographies, we have the ability to reach new audiences in terms of sizes and verticals. Our growing brand recognition and know-how across our trading markets, enables us to acquire additional merchants more efficiently within current markets as well as new geographies.
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Disaggregation of Revenue
 
The following table summarizes revenue by category:
 
 
  
Year Ended December 31,
  
 
  
2021
    
2022
    
2023
  
 
  
Amount
    
Percentage of Revenue
    
Amount
    
Percentage of Revenue
    
Amount
    
Percentage of Revenue
  
 
  
(in thousands, except percentages)
  
Service fees
    
96,659
      
39
%
    
181,887
      
44
%
    
262,255
      
46
%
Fulfillment services    
    
148,615
      
61
%
    
227,162
      
56
%
    
307,692
      
54
%
 
                                                
Total revenue          
  
$
245,274
      
100
%
  
$
409,049
      
100
%
  
$
569,946
      
100
%

The Company's revenues from service fees provided on a standalone basis were $8,366, $16,515 and $44,461 (in thousands) for the years ended December 31 2021, 2022 and 2023 respectively.
 
The following table summarizes revenue by merchant outbound region:
 
 
  
Year Ended December 31,
  
 
  
2021
    
2022
    
2023
  
 
  
Amount
    
Percentage of Revenue
    
Amount
    
Percentage of Revenue
    
Amount
    
Percentage of Revenue
  
 
  
(in thousands, except percentages)
  
United States          
    
71,095
      
29
%
    
173,967
      
43
%
    
285,619
      
50
%
United Kingdom
    
113,385
      
47
%
    
146,562
      
36
%
    
173,584
      
30
%
European Union          
    
58,177
      
23
%
    
78,491
      
19
%
    
92,566
      
16
%
Israel          
    
1,052
      
*
      
1,357
      
*
      
1,806
      
*
  
Other          
    
1,115
      
*
      
8,672
      
2
      
16,371
      
3
%
 
                                                
Total revenue          
  
$
245,274
      
100
%
  
$
409,049
      
100
%
  
$
569,946
      
100
%

* Less than 1%
 
Shopify Markets Pro

In 2023, Shopify Markets Pro became generally available to US-based Shopify merchants, enabling merchants of all sizes, including small and emerging merchants, to offer their products internationally via a streamlined integration effort and advanced self-service capabilities. We believe that this offering will appeal to many merchants, due to its streamlined integration process and advanced self-service capabilities. The streamlined integration process ensures a quick and hassle-free onboarding experience for merchants, while the advanced self-service capabilities empower them to manage and customize their offerings with ease. This combination not only enhances operational efficiency but also provides merchants with the flexibility and control needed to navigate the complexities of international markets, making Shopify Markets Pro an attractive solution for a diverse range of merchants.
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Drive continuous innovation on our platforms
 
We plan to continue to invest in research and development and operate with an agile approach to address our merchants’ and shoppers’ constantly evolving needs. We strive to continue developing new capabilities and add-on offerings, as well as opportunistically look to complement existing platforms and offering through merger and acquisition opportunities, to maintain Global-e’s position as a leading holistic platform for global e-commerce, enabling efficient selling and purchasing processes for our stakeholders. In addition, we have developed the capabilities and infrastructure to support merchants’ multi-local fulfillment offering whereby select markets are serviced from locally-existing inventory, thereby giving the merchant better utilization of its stock and improving the customer offering. Our ability to provide preferred payment and delivery methods in select geographies, contributes to higher conversion rates of shoppers from these geographies.

We also plan to continue enriching the suite of value-added services we can provide to our merchants. For example, through the acquisition of Borderfree in 2022, we intend to enhance the value that our business brings to global brands by providing them with traffic demand generation services, thereby the ability to attract international shoppers to their web store. We are accomplishing this using both an e-mail based direct marketing and a portal-like affiliation offerings, both building upon and augmenting assets (such as customer accounts) created by Borderfree.
 
We also believe that our differentiated data capabilities and constantly-improving data models will allow us to stay at the forefront of e-commerce solutions. We believe our unique, big data-driven Smart Insights enable us to help our merchants deliver more precise, targeted, localized shopper experiences driving conversion and revenues and also manage their operations more efficiently through our superior ability to forecast and predict trends. We believe that data will be a key driver of future optimization and shopper monetization.
  
Continue to develop and expand our strategic partnerships
 
We have established mutually beneficial strategic partnerships with a range of key players in the broader e-commerce ecosystem, including global technology groups, e-commerce platforms, shipping providers, third-party logistics providers, payment providers and system integrators. Our channel partners have been an important lead generation engine providing our sales team with a strong pipeline of prospective merchants. We intend to further strengthen our existing relationships, such as our partnership with DHL or our partnership with Shopify, and build new strategic partnerships with other key players across the value chain and in the different markets in which we operate.
 
Products and Technology
 
Our end-to-end platforms help merchants remove global e-commerce complexities by empowering merchants with powerful and extensive localization capabilities embedded directly within their websites. Our technology creates a highly-localized shopper experience, which in turn drives increased sales conversion and revenue growth.
 
Our platforms are built on a scalable tech stack which is powered by a robust layer of application programming interfaces (“APIs”) and data models, powering the shopper journey and allowing us to support a fast-growing and rapidly expanding merchant base.
 
Through a range of frictionless integration options, the merchants’ websites can leverage the power of our platforms. The integration technology, either through pre-fabricated e-commerce platform plug- ins, through the implementation of our API’s or through our generic script-based client-side integration, which we refer to as Global-e Module, is based on a simple lightweight integration effort. Such integration effort ranges from a code snippet that is placed into a merchant’s existing online platform enabling us to deploy and integrate with minimal friction, to installation of our plug-ins and/or the implementation of a few of our API’s. After integration, shoppers continue to face the merchant’s existing storefront, and Global-e remains as a “white label” in the background. In the case of Shopify Markets Pro, a simple “one-click” activation process is all that is needed from the merchant’s side to enjoy the benefits of that platform.
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Shopping experience features

•
 
Localized browsing - We offer localized browsing features, such as a configurable welcome message or a top-line marketing banner that can be customized by market and presented in the local language. Customization breeds familiarity, reducing bounce rates, increasing conversion and improving shopper confidence through a local shopping experience.

•
 
Localized checkout - Embedded within the brand’s e-commerce store, the checkout experience supports over 30 different languages across our platforms, enabling shoppers to switch the checkout language to their own native tongue for a more customized and local experience. Further, shoppers checkout within the merchant website without being redirected to a third-party site.

•
Guaranteed landed cost - We provide shoppers with a “no-surprises” and guaranteed fully-landed cost. We offer multiple options, configurable by market, for handling import duties and taxes. For example, shoppers may select the option to prepay duties and/or taxes at checkout. Alternatively, our platforms have the capability to already embed this cost into the product price within the browsing journey (in full or partially), in order to facilitate an intuitive and frictionless smooth and user-friendly shopper journey. We believe this feature and options are critical in achieving high conversion rates across markets and promoting repeat shoppers.
 
In addition to achieving shopper confidence, pre-collection of import duties and taxes enables orders to be dispatched to shoppers under a “Delivery Duties Paid” scheme through relevant shipping carriers. This serves to greatly simplify and streamline the process of releasing the goods from customs at the destination market, in turn contributing to a quicker and simpler delivery experience for the shopper.
 
•
 
Multiple shipping options - Our platforms allow merchants to choose from a menu of shipping options, offering shoppers multiple delivery alternatives, depending on the destination market: mail, express courier, Cash-on-Delivery, store delivery, drop point delivery and more. As part of each market-specific value proposition, merchants can decide which shipping methods to offer and how to price them, based on Global-e’s competitive shipping rates or through their own contracted shipping carriers.

•
 
Localized alternative payment methods - Preferred payment methods of shoppers differ from market to market. In some markets, such as the United States and United Kingdom, the use of global cards (Visa, MasterCard, etc.) is the most common payment method used. In others, local cards, or universal alternative payment methods, such as PayPal, prevail. There are markets, both in developed and developing countries, where alternative payment methods are used more frequently than cards. In order to remove payment friction and ensure higher conversion rates, Global-e supports over 150 payment methods globally, granting shoppers in each market the ability to pay with their preferred local option.

•
 
Real-time anti-fraud screening - Each order is scanned in real-time for potential payment fraud. Global-e utilizes advanced third-party screening services, coupled with proprietary algorithms and processes - all managed by a team of anti-fraud specialists. These capabilities enable Global-e to achieve high payment acceptance rates and low chargeback rates across international markets. The authorization/rejection decision is made in real time without the delays and costs associated with manual or semi-automatic transaction screening. This further contributes to a streamlined and satisfying shopper experience.
 
•
 
International customer services - Global-e operates a branded self-service and multi-lingual online customer service portal, which contains answers to many frequently-asked questions that are typically raised post-sale by international shoppers regarding their orders. In addition, Global-e operates a manned contact center that serves to augment the brand’s own customer services team. Global-e’s contact center can provide either “behind the scenes” support for the merchant’s customer services team, or it can be in touch directly with the brand’s shoppers to handle their queries. In 2023, before the peak trading season, we have successfully tested, piloted and introduced into production our new shopper-facing automated Customer Service Chatbot, based on Open-AI’s ChatGPT technology which has been securely connected to our systems and databases, thereby enabling many of the shoppers to receive highly accurate answers to their support queries in real-time, without a need for human intervention. We believe this is a manifestation of the tremendous business value such technologies can unlock over the next few years and contribute to a more efficient customer support and improved customer satisfaction.

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•
 
Returns process - Global-e offers a comprehensive and efficient solution for product return management. Through Global-e’s proprietary branded and multi-lingual returns portal, shoppers are presented with multiple return options, according to the various returns services that the merchant enables for a given market. Returns options include self-postage, local return addresses, pre-paid postal labels and courier pick-ups. In addition, merchants set for each option an associated cost. Global-e deducts the return cost from the amount refunded to the shopper once merchants confirm successful receipt of the returned product.

Packaging and pricing
 
We support merchants of all sizes, and at various lifecycles, from small, emerging brands to the world’s globally recognized retailers and high-end brands. Our platforms offer a range of differentiated service levels, enabling us to cater to the different - and constantly evolving - needs of the merchants we serve.
 
Technology, infrastructure and operations
 
  Our platforms were designed with enterprise-grade security, reliability, and scalability as top priorities. Core contributors to our strengths in these areas include:

•
Application architecture. We operate proprietary and modern technology platforms, organically developed by our in-house R&D teams, leveraging leading third-party software where applicable.
   
•
Infrastructure. Our platforms are deployed via market standard cloud computing infrastructure, allowing us to easily scale our platforms globally while maintaining optimal performance.
   
•
Disaster Recovery. For our enterprise platform we maintain a secondary cloud-based data center, holding a full stack of updated applications, which is fully tested at least once a year, with the aim of ensuring the highest reliability for our shoppers. 
   
•
 
Security. We employ a multi-layer security approach utilizing both cloud infrastructure security and endpoint protection to enforce the highest degree of security. We operate and design our systems in accordance with major security standards, including: PCI/DSS, SOC 2 and ISO 27001. We perform penetration tests continuously throughout the year by external vendors to identify any vulnerabilities. Our hybrid office/remote work environment could also negatively impact the security of our platforms and systems as well as our ability to prevent attacks or respond to them quickly, and as such we have taken steps designed to ensure remote work can be performed both effectively and securely.
   
•
Uptime. Our platforms maintains excellent service levels. Across all sites, our platforms achieved over 99.9% average uptime for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Competition
 
The market for cross-border e-commerce enablement solutions is competitive, rapidly evolving, fragmented, and subject to changing regulation, technology, merchant preferences and shopper demands. Our solution and platforms compete with other online and offline services, and other solutions. While among them exist several direct competing solutions, many of these solutions and services only handle a specific section of the cross-border e-commerce value chain.
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As such, we believe that our existing direct competition fails to offer the same holistic solution based on our combination of global reach, end-to-end advanced feature set, number of merchant partners, accumulated data and insights, quality-of-service and local expertise as embedded in our platforms. We are the chosen partner of some globally recognized retailers and brands as well as some rapidly-growing emerging brands.
 
We consider the following categories of services and solutions to be our primary and direct competition: 

•
 
In-House D2C. Some merchants have built and managed international stores and prefer to maintain these operations in-house supported by proprietary capabilities developed by them, features and capabilities provided by the e-commerce platform they utilize, and/or third-party cross-border components. This DIY approach is expensive and complex to maintain, while also lacking the flexibility and know-how of local preferences that a specialized global provider, such as Global-e, can provide. We believe that with the growing importance to merchants of global D2C, coupled with market awareness of the advantages of using reputable and experienced global third parties, such as Global-e, the trend of shifting towards a third-party global enabler will accelerate - with Global-e as the distinguished front runner.
   
•
 
Alternative, Cross-Border End-to-End Platforms. There is a limited number of platforms offering solutions similar in nature and breadth to those offered by Global-e. However, we believe that none of these providers have the combination of global reach, track record, variety of merchants, scale, feature set and data, to match Global-e’s overall offering. The level of sophistication embedded in our platforms and solutions stemming from executing millions of transactions annually, across merchants in over 200 destination markets, is what makes us a leader in the world of global e-commerce.

Though to a lesser extent, we believe our platforms also indirectly compete with two primary categories of services and providers:
 
•
 
Legacy Players and Local Distributors. Merchants expanding abroad may partner with local distributors, granting them licenses to operate in a given market. Licenses typically include an arrangement to sell goods through bricks-and-mortar locations as well as digital rights to the brand, effectively allowing the local licensee to manage the full client-facing relationship with international shoppers. This may cause frustration among shoppers, as local selection may be limited to best-selling products, and interactions with the merchant are routed through a middle-man. As merchants increasingly understand the value of their digital channels and leverage social media to interact directly with shoppers, we believe wide-ranging agreements with local distributors will continue to become less common, especially for digital D2C e-commerce. Nevertheless, some merchants are constrained by long-term, legacy agreements with distributors, preventing the merchant from directly selling to and interacting with shoppers in select (or all) foreign markets, at least for a certain period of time.
   
•
 
Non-D2C Online Channels. Non-D2C online channels, such as marketplaces, represent digital alternatives to the traditional distributor model. Such online channels are varied, ranging from local, multi-local, regional and global platforms. They generate online traffic from shoppers by marketing under the marketplace’s own brand and command a fee, or “take rate” that may represent a meaningful percentage of the merchant’s revenue. To facilitate the transaction between shopper and seller, online channels may provide complimentary services such as payment acquiring, fraud protection, order management, and access to shipping providers. Merchants do not have direct access to shoppers; rather, they must list their products through the intermediary - i.e., the marketplace - to gain exposure. As such, by selling through non-D2C online channels, merchants often expose their brand to direct competition from other brands sold in parallel through such online channels (e.g. a common feature of marketplaces is “people who bought this also bought this” lists which may include different brands).

For geographical and segmental revenue, see Note 2, reporting segments and geographical information included within our consolidated financial statements elsewhere in this Annual Report.

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Seasonality

See Item 5. “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.”
 
Intellectual Property
  
We consider our intellectual property rights, including those in our know-how and the software code of our proprietary technology, to be, in the aggregate, material to our business. We rely on a combination of contractual commitments and statutory and common law rights to protect our intellectual property rights in our technology and know-how. We seek to control access to our trade secrets and other confidential information related to our proprietary technology by entering into confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, merchants, vendors and business partners who have access to our confidential information, and we maintain policies and procedures designed to control access to and distribution of our confidential information.
 
Our know-how is an important element of our business. The development and management of our platforms requires sophisticated coordination among many skilled and specialized employees. Despite our efforts to protect our intellectual property rights in our technology and know-how, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or obtain and use our technology to develop products and services with the same functionality as our platform. Policing unauthorized access to and use of our technology is difficult. Our competition could also independently develop technologies like ours, and our intellectual property rights may not be broad enough for us to prevent our competition from selling products and services incorporating those technologies. For more information, see “Risk Factors-Risks Relating to our Business and Industry-If we fail to adequately maintain, protect or enforce our intellectual property rights, our competitive position could be impaired and we may lose valuable assets, generate reduced revenue, and incur costly litigation to protect our rights.”
 
We own and use unregistered common law marks and service marks on or in connection with our proprietary technology and related services. While most of the intellectual property we use is owned by us, we have obtained rights to use intellectual property of third parties through licenses and services agreements. Although we believe these licenses are sufficient for the operation of our business, these licenses typically limit our use of the third parties’ intellectual property to specific uses and for specific time periods.
 
From time to time, we may become involved in legal proceedings relating to intellectual property arising in the ordinary course of our business, including challenges to the validity of our intellectual property rights and claims of intellectual property infringement. For more information, see “Risk Factors-Risks Relating to our Business and Industry-We may incur costs to defend against, face liability for or be vulnerable to intellectual property infringement claims brought against us by others.” We are not presently and have never been a party to any such legal proceedings that, in the opinion of our management, would individually or taken together have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Government Regulation

As with any company operating on the internet, we grapple with a growing number of local, national and international laws and regulations. These laws are often complex, sometimes contradict other laws, and are frequently evolving. Laws may be interpreted and enforced in different ways in various locations around the world, posing a significant challenge to our global business. This ambiguity includes laws and regulations possibly affecting our business, such as those related to data privacy and security, pricing, taxation, content regulation, digital services and intermediatory regulations, intellectual property ownership and infringement, anti-money laundering, anti-corruption, product liability, consumer protection, extended producer responsibility, product safety and export control. Changes to such laws and regulations could cause us or third-party partners on which we rely to incur additional costs and change our or their respective business practices in order to comply.
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Data Protection and Privacy
 
We are subject to laws across several jurisdictions regarding privacy and protection of data, in particular, in Israel, the European Union, the United States and other jurisdictions. Data protection, privacy, cybersecurity, consumer protection, content regulation, and other laws and regulations can be very stringent and vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. These laws govern how companies collect, process, and share data, grant rights to data subjects, and require that companies implement specific information security controls to protect certain types of information.
 
For example, we are subject to the Israeli Privacy Protection Law 5741-1981 (“PPL”), and its regulations, including the Israeli Privacy Protection Regulations (Data Security) 2017 (“Data Security Regulations”), which came into effect in Israel in May 2018 and impose obligations with respect to the manner personal data is processed, maintained, transferred, disclosed, accessed and secured, as well as the guidelines of the Israeli Privacy Protection Authority (“Authority”). In this respect, the Data Security Regulations may require us to adjust our data protection and data security practices, information security measures, certain organizational procedures, applicable positions (such as an information security manager) and other technical and organizational security measures. The regulations may require us to adjust our data protection and data security practices, information security measures, certain organizational procedures, applicable positions (such as an information security manager) and other technical and organizational security measures. In addition, to the extent that any administrative supervision procedure is initiated by the Israeli Privacy Protection Authority that reveals certain irregularities with respect to our compliance with the Privacy Protection Act, in addition to our exposure to administrative fines, civil claims (including class actions) and in certain cases criminal liability, we may also need to take certain remedial actions to rectify such irregularities, which may increase our costs.
 
For further information on the laws regarding privacy and data protection which we are subject to, see “Risk Factors-Risks Relating to our Business and Industry-We are subject to stringent and changing laws, regulations, standards and contractual obligations related to privacy, data protection, and data security. Our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could harm our business.”
 
While it is generally the laws of the jurisdiction in which a business is located that apply, there is a risk that data protection regulators of other countries may seek jurisdiction over our activities in locations in which we process data or serve merchants or shoppers but do not have an operating entity. Where the local data protection and privacy laws of a jurisdiction apply, we may be required to register our operations in that jurisdiction or make changes to our business so that shopper data is only collected and processed in accordance with applicable local law. In addition, because our services are accessible worldwide, certain foreign jurisdictions may claim that we are required to comply with their privacy and data protection laws, including in jurisdictions where we have no local entity, employees or infrastructure. In such cases, we may require additional legal review and resources to ensure compliance with any applicable privacy or data protection laws and regulations. In addition, in many jurisdictions there may in the future be new legislation that may affect our business and require additional legal review.

   There is uncertainty in many of the countries where we operate with respect to the liability of internet service providers or providers of digital services, the application of existing regulations to our business as they relate to, or the enactment of new regulations relating to, issues such as e-commerce, electronic or mobile payments, information requirements for internet, digital services providers or other intermediatory providers. Such uncertainty could negatively affect our operations and use of our services, require us to change or adjust our platforms and could result in changes to our operations or business model and may incur significant expenses should we have to change our model.
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Anti-Corruption and Sanctions
 
We are subject to laws and regulations of the jurisdictions in which we operate, including the United States, United Kingdom, EU and Israel, that govern or restrict our business and activities in certain countries and with certain persons, including the economic sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, and the export control laws administered by the U.S. Commerce Department’s Bureau of Industry and Security and the U.S. State Department’s Directorate of Defense Trade Controls. See “Risk Factors-Risks Relating to our Business and Industry-We are subject to governmental sanctions and export controls that may subject us to liability if we are not in full compliance with applicable economic sanctions and export control laws.”

We are subject to laws and regulations related to payments which are complex and vary across different jurisdictions. We are also subject to payment card association operating rules, certification requirements, and rules governing electronic funds transfers, including the PCI DSS, which could change or be reinterpreted to make it more difficult for us to comply. Any failure to comply with these rules or requirements may subject us to higher transaction fees, fines, penalties, damages, and civil liability, and may result in the loss of our ability to accept credit and debit card payments. Depending on how our platforms evolve, we may be subject to additional laws in other jurisdictions across the world.
 
Additionally, we are subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering and similar laws, such as the FCPA, U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. 201, U.S. Travel Act, the USA PATRIOT Act, the U.K. Bribery Act 2010, Chapter 9 (sub-chapter 5) of the Israeli Penal Law, 1977, the Israeli Prohibition on Money Laundering Law-2000 and other applicable laws in the jurisdictions in which we operate. Historically, technology companies have been the target of FCPA and other anti-corruption investigations and penalties. See “Risk Factors-Risks Relating to our Business and Industry-We are subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering and similar laws, and non-compliance with such laws can subject us to criminal penalties or significant fines and harm our business and reputation.”
 
Further, we are currently subject to a variety of laws and regulations related specifically to payment processing, including those governing cross-border and domestic money transmission, gift cards and other prepaid access instruments, electronic funds transfers, foreign exchange, counter-terrorist financing, banking and import and export restrictions.
 
Concern about the use of e-commerce platforms for illegal conduct, such as money laundering or to support terrorist activities, may in the future result in legislation or other governmental action that could require changes to our platforms or impose additional compliance burdens and costs on us. See “Risk Factors-Risks Related to our Business and Industry-Changes in laws and regulations related to the internet or changes in the internet infrastructure itself may diminish the demand for our platforms and services, and could harm our business.”
 
Depending on how our platform evolves, we may become subject to additional laws in the United States, the United Kingdom, the EU, Israel and elsewhere.

Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS)

We are subject to laws and regulations regarding protection of the environment as well as worker health and safety. Certain environmental laws may impose liability regardless of knowledge, fault, or legality of the action at the time taken. There are also increasing expectations regarding product stewardship, including end-of-life considerations, and we may become subject to such laws due to our role as merchant of record.
 
Depending on how our platforms evolve, we may become subject to additional laws on these or other matters in the United States, the United Kingdom, the EU, Israel and elsewhere.
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Product liability & product safety

Our business and operations will increasingly be subject to laws and regulations regarding product liability and safety associated with placing goods in the market, notably in the EU and United Kingdom. Recent and upcoming developments in such laws and regulations are likely to increase the compliance burden and risks on our business, and to require us to make changes to the way in which we operate.

For example, a new EU Product Safety Regulation, which will apply beginning as of December 13, 2024, will extend the EU’s product safety regime to additional parties including providers of certain platforms and fulfilment services, in addition to imposing greater compliance obligations including information provision requirements and requirements to designate responsible persons and facilitate or implement corrective measures such as product recalls. Specific product safety and liability laws and regulations also apply or will or are expected to take effect soon, in relation to certain types of products. For example, the pending EU Toy Safety Regulation, is likely to result in more stringent guidelines for the manufacturing, labeling, and distribution of toys including the introduction of digital product passports. In the UK, additional product safety regulatory developments may lead to changes to the current product liability regime.

Depending on how such new laws and regulations are implemented, evolve, and are enforced and interpreted, in particular with regards to their applicability over personal importation scenarios, we or the merchants may become subject to additional requirements or limitations as well as the extent to which we are successful in adapting our business and operations to comply with such laws and regulations, we could be subject to regulatory action such as investigations and penalties, actions from consumers resulting in damages including by way of collective redress mechanisms, and other negative legal, regulatory and reputational consequences.

C.
    Organizational Structure

The following sets forth our key subsidiaries as of the date of this Annual Report. All ownership is 100%. 

•
Global-e online Pte Ltd (Singapore) 
   
•
Globale UK Limited (England) 
   
•
Crossborder Global Apparel and Equipment Trading L.L.C (UAE)
   
•
Crossborder Global Apparel and Equipment Trading L.L.C (DMCC Branch) (UAE)
   
•
Global-e Middle East FZCO Dubai Branch (UAE, Jebel Ali Free Zone)
   
•
Global-e Middle East FZCO (DAFZA) (UAE, Dubai Airport Free Zone)
   
•
E Commerce Globale Middle East FZCO (UAE, Dubai Commercity Free Zone)
   
•
Global-e Canada e-commerce Ltd. (Canada)
   
•
Global-e CH AG (Switzerland)
   
•
Global-e NL B.V (Netherlands)
   
•
Global-e Japan KK (Japan)

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•
Global-e France SAS (France)
   
•
Olami E-Commerce Solutions Ireland Limited (Ireland)
   
•
Global-e Australia Pty Ltd. (Australia) 
   
•
Global-e Spain S.L (Spain)
   
•
Global-e HK Limited (Hong Kong) 
   
•
Global-e (Beijing) Technology Co. Ltd. (China)
   
•
Global-e US Inc. (Delaware, USA).
   
•
Global-e Panama Inc. (Panama, Colon Free Zone) 
   
•
Global-e Solutions Ltd. (Israel)
   
•
Global-e South Africa (PTY) Ltd. (South Africa)
   
•
Global-e Solutions Korea Ltd. (Korea)
   
•
Crossborder Solutions For E- Commerce Ltd. (Egypt)*
   
•
International E-commerce Solutions Morocco Ltd. (Morocco)
   
•
Flow Commerce Inc. (Delaware, USA) 
   
•
Flow Commerce Limited (Ireland) 
   
•
Flow Commerce Australia Pty Ltd. (Australia)
   
•
Flow Commerce Canada Inc. (Canada)
   
•
Flow Trading Shanghai Company Limited (China)
   
•
Flow Commerce UK LTD (England) 
   
•
Borderfree Inc. (US)
   
•
Pitney Bowes Payco US Inc. (US)
   
•
Borderfree Research and Development (Israel)
   
•
Pitney Bowes PayCo Holdings Limited (Ireland)

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•
Borderfree UK Limited (England)
   
•
Borderfree Payco Australia PTY Ltd. (Australia)
   
•
Borderfree PayCo Canada Ltd. (Canada)
   
•
Borderfree PayCo Japan KK (Japan)
   
•
Borderfree PayCo Singapore Pte. Ltd. (Singapore)
   
•
Borderfree PayCo Switzerland GmbH (Switzerland)
   
•
Pitney Bowes PayCo UK Limited (England)

* Less than 1% of the ownership rights is held by a director, due to local laws

D.
Property, Plants and Equipment

We are headquartered in Petah-Tikva, Israel, where we occupy approximately 83,312 square feet of office space pursuant to a lease that expires on September 1, 2027 (with automatically renew for an additional 5 years). We currently lease additional office space in Israel, the UK and the U.S., and we are party to agreements whereby we have access to and the right to use certain office space in the U.S., France, Ireland Australia, Japan, Singapore and the United Arab Emirates. We do not own any real property. We evaluate, based on our growth, the need to procure additional space as we continue to add employees, expand geographically and expand our work spaces. We believe that our facilities are adequate to meet our needs for the immediate future, and that, should it be needed, suitable additional space will be available to accommodate any such expansion of our operations.
 
Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments
 
None.
 
Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects
 
You should read the following discussion together with “Selected Consolidated Financial Data” and the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements regarding industry outlook and our expectations regarding our future performance, planned investments in our expansion into additional geographies and brands, research and development, sales and marketing and general and administrative functions, liquidity and capital resources, as well as other non-historical statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, the risks and uncertainties described in “Risk Factors” and “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” Our actual results may differ materially from those contained in or implied by any forward-looking statements.
 
Certain information called for by this Item 5, including a discussion of the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 has been reported previously in our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 under Item 5. “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects”, filed with the SEC on March 31, 2023.

Overview
 
Our platforms were purpose-built for international shoppers to buy seamlessly online and for merchants to sell from, and to, anywhere in the world, while reflecting the localization of the shopper’s experience to make international transactions as seamless as domestic ones.

We increase the conversion of international traffic into sales by removing much of the complexity associated with international e-commerce. Our platforms provide mission-critical, integrated solutions that create a localized and frictionless shopper experience and are simple to manage, flexible to adjust and smart in local market insights and best practices. The vast capabilities of our end-to-end platforms include interaction with shoppers in their native languages, market-adjusted pricing, payment options tailored to local market preferences, compliance with local consumer regulations and requirements such as customs duties and taxes, shipping services, after-sales support and returns management. These elements are unified under our platforms to enhance the shopper experience and enable merchants to capture the global e-commerce opportunity.
 
We aspire to become the merchants’ trusted partner for international sales. The better the outcomes for merchants and the more revenue and growth they achieve, the greater our own revenue and growth. We believe this alignment of interests with merchants is core to our long-term success. This is evidenced by our Gross Dollar Retention Rate, which was over 97% in 2023, and our Net Dollar Retention Rate, which was 127% during the same period.
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Our Business Model
 
We have an attractive volume-based revenue model, driven by shopper order activity on our merchants’ websites. As a result, our revenues, which are generated from the fees charged for the use of our integrated platforms solution and provision of fulfillment services, are closely correlated with the level of GMV (as defined under “-Key Performance Indicators and Other Operating Metrics”) that flows through our platform. We offer a fully integrated platform solution to merchants and derive revenues by charging fees that vary depending on the transaction volume processed, outbound countries and destination markets, level of customer service provided and shipping options, among other variables.
 
Service fees revenue is generated as a percentage of the transaction value that flows through our platform. Fulfillment services revenue is generated through our offerings of shipping and handling. We mandatorily bundle components of our integrated platform solution that we believe are essential to achieving improved sales conversion of our merchants’ international traffic. Our fulfillment services are offered on an optional basis, and thus merchants may choose to utilize or cease utilizing our fulfillment services, either in whole or for select markets, at any time and from time to time. Many merchants use our fulfillment services alongside our integrated platform solution due to convenience and competitive pricing achieved based on our economies of scale, while some merchants choose to use our integrated platform solution on a standalone basis. Service fees revenue generated from the use of our integrated platform solution on a standalone basis has increased over time, equaling $8.4 million (or 8.7% of service fees revenue), $16.5 million (or 9.1% of service fees revenues) and $44.5 million (or 17% of service fees revenue) for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively. The increase in standalone basis revenues as a percentage of service fees revenues is mainly attributed to the development of our multi-local offering for which we typically do not provide fulfillment services.
 
Over and above the revenues generated, we view shopper traffic and GMV as critical to our success because they generate valuable data, further fueling our Smart Insights. These data-driven insights are an integral part of the integrated solutions we provide to our merchants and a key driver in the growth of their global revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2023, shoppers that visited e-commerce websites powered by our platforms generated approximately 18 million transactions which translated to $569.9 million of revenue.
 
An important component of our revenue growth is the retention and expansion of our existing merchant base. Our revenue model is driven by the ability to retain and grow our business with  existing merchants and attract new merchants from new geographies, segments and verticals. Revenue from our existing merchant base has grown significantly over time as our merchants’ global revenues have grown, the volume of transactions that our merchants process through our platforms has increased and we have expanded to additional geographic corridors. The revenue growth from our existing merchants that continue to process transactions on the Global-e platforms has historically exceeded any lost revenue from merchants that discontinued their use of our platform. We measure the revenue growth from our existing merchant base using Net Dollar Retention Rate, and we measure the lost revenue from merchants that discontinue their use using Gross Dollar Retention Rate.
   
Our existing merchant base is critical to our success, generating approximately 77% and 89% of our GMV in the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively. Our Net Dollar Retention Rate for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 was 130% and 127%, respectively. Our high Net Dollar Retention Rate is driven both by strong retention and by the growth of our merchants’ transaction volumes processed on our platforms. We believe this highlights the mission-critical nature of our platforms for merchants that continue to grow with us over time.
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As of December 31, 2023, we had a diversified base of 1,256 merchants using our enterprise platforms, which translates to an annual increase of 21.2% from 1,036 merchants and of 91.2% from 657 merchants as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. These merchants range from globally recognized retailers to small, emerging brands located across more than 30 countries. No single merchant represents more than 6% of total GMV for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023. In addition, thousands of merchants have onboarded and are using Shopify Markets Pro as of December 31, 2023.

Our significant scale and growth mean we also enjoy increasing geographic diversification in terms of both “outbound” sales, which term refers to sales from the merchant’s country of origin, and “destination market” sales, which term refers to sales made to shoppers in various markets. The United Kingdom has historically been our largest outbound market. However, over the last few years outbound sales from the United Kingdom as a percentage of total revenue have been decreasing as we developed additional outbound markets, namely the United States and the EU. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the United States represented 50% of our revenues, with the United Kingdom, the EU, Israel, and other territories (APAC and Middle East) representing 30%, 16%, 0.3%, and 3%, respectively. We expect to continue attracting new merchants in diverse geographies, including countries in which we have existing operations as well as new markets. For example, we continued to develop our presence in APAC, which we believe represents a significant opportunity. Of the 1,256 merchants served on our enterprise platforms as of December 31, 2023, 44% were located in North America, while 34% and 16% were located in the United Kingdom and Europe, respectively, and 6% were located in other geographies. With regards to the destination markets from which shoppers make purchases, Canada, the US and the UK represented 12%, 10% and 10% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023, respectively, no other destination market represented more than 10% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023.

In addition to retaining and growing our existing merchant base, we are able to efficiently acquire new merchants. We have developed an effective go-to-market strategy leveraging a dedicated team of sales executives. We also plan to continue leveraging our mutually beneficial channel partnerships, which broaden our merchant base and generate significant leads for our sales team. As our scale grows, so does our own brand equity, which leads to more inbound prospects as well as stronger word-of-mouth-based sales whereby an existing Global-e merchant recommends our solution to other players in the market. We view our ability to efficiently acquire merchants at scale as a differentiated competitive advantage.

Key Performance Indicators and Other Operating Metrics
 
Key Performance Indicators
 
We review the following indicators to measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, formulate business plans, and make strategic decisions. Increases or decreases in our key performance indicators may not correspond with increases or decreases in our revenue.
 
The following table summarizes the key performance indicators that we use to evaluate our business for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023.
  
 
  
Year Ended December 31,
  
($ in millions)
  
2021
    
2022
    
2023
  
Gross Merchandise Value
    
1,449
      
2,450
      
3,557
  
Net Dollar Retention Rate
    
152
%
    
130
%
    
127
%
Revenue
    
245.3
      
409.0
      
569.9
  
Non-GAAP Gross Profit
    
91.4
      
167.9
      
244.8
  
Non-GAAP Gross Margin
    
37.3
%
    
41.1
%
    
42.9
%
 
                        
Adjusted EBITDA
    
32.4
      
48.7
      
92.7
  
Adjusted EBITDA Margin
    
13.2
%
    
11.9
%
    
16.3
%

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Key Profit GAAP Figures

   
Year Ended December 31,
  
($ in millions)
  
2021
    
2022
    
2023
  
Gross profit
    
91.4
      
158.2
      
233.6
  
Operating profit (loss)
    
(65.7
)
    
(189.3
)
    
(137.1
)
Net profit (loss)
    
(74.9
)
    
(195.4
)
    
(133.8
)

Gross Merchandise Value. We derive a substantial part of our revenue from fees we charge for the use of our integrated platforms solutions and fulfillment services. These fees are generally correlated with the total value of transactions processed through our platforms. We assess the growth in transaction volume using a metric we refer to as Gross Merchandise Value (“GMV”) which is defined as the combined amount we collect from the shopper and the merchant for all components of a given transaction, including products, duties and taxes and shipping. GMV does not represent revenue earned by us; however, the GMV processed through our platforms is an indicator of the volume of transactions processed through our platforms by our merchants. 
 (GMV, USD in millions)
  
Net Dollar Retention Rate. We assess our performance in retaining and expanding relationships with our existing merchant base using a metric we refer to as Net Dollar Retention Rate, which compares our GMV from the same set of merchants across comparable periods. Net Dollar Retention Rate for a given period is calculated by dividing the GMV in that period by the GMV in the comparable period in the prior year, in each case, from merchants that processed transactions on our platforms in the earlier of the two periods. Our Net Dollar Retention Rate therefore includes the effect on GMV of any merchant renewals, expansion, contraction and churn but excludes the effect of revenue from merchants that contributed to our GMV in the current period but not in the earlier period. A Net Dollar Retention Rate greater than 100% for a given period implies overall growth in GMV from merchants that were already processing transactions on our platforms prior to that period. Our Net Dollar Retention in 2023 excludes Borderfree Inc. and affiliated companies (“Borderfree”) that were acquired in 2022, as it is based on annual GMV figures, and Borderfree’s financials were consolidated into the Company’s financials in July 2022; therefore, GMV was not recorded for the full year in 2022.

Our Net Dollar Retention Rate has typically been over 125% since 2018, and for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023 was 152%, 130% and 127%, respectively. Our Net Dollar Retention Rate may fluctuate in future periods due to a number of factors, including the expansion of our revenue base, the level of penetration within our merchant base, enhancements made to our existing platforms and our ability to retain our existing merchant base.
 
Revenue. We generate revenues by charging merchants fees for the use of our end-to-end global e-commerce solution. Our revenues are closely correlated with the level of GMV that flows through our platforms. We have experienced rapid revenue growth in recent years, growing 66.8% and 39.3% in the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively.
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Non-GAAP Gross Profit and Non-GAAP Gross Margin. Our cost of revenue consists primarily of costs associated with payment acquiring fees, shipping and logistic costs, hosting, amortization of acquired intangibles, operational merchant support expenses, such as customer service and allocated overhead. Our Non-GAAP gross profit is defined as gross profit adjusted for amortization of acquired intangibles. In recent years, we have consistently increased our gross profit as a percentage of revenue, or our gross margin, mainly due to economies of scale resulting from growth in GMV and revenue, as well as efficiencies stemming from our optimization. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, our Non-GAAP gross margin, which is calculated as Non-GAAP gross profit divided by revenues, was 37.3%, 41.1% and 42.9%, respectively. Our GAAP gross margin for the respective periods was 37.3%, 38.7% and 41.0%.
 
Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial metric and defined as operating profit (loss) adjusted for depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expenses, commercial agreements amortization, amortization of acquired intangibles, merger related contingent consideration, acquisition related expenses and secondary offering costs. Our Adjusted EBITDA grew from $48.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 to $92.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. This increase was primarily driven by growth in revenues and gross margin, as well as operating leverage.
 
Other Operating Metrics
 
Gross Dollar Retention Rate. In addition to tracking our key performance indicators and Non-GAAP financial measures above, we also periodically measure our Gross Dollar Retention Rate to further assess our performance in retaining our existing customer base. Gross Dollar Retention Rate measures revenue lost from merchants that discontinue their use of our platform, but does not reflect the benefit of customer expansion, contraction or additions. Gross Dollar Retention Rate may therefore never exceed 100%. We believe our high gross retention rates demonstrate that we serve a vital role for our merchants, as the vast majority of our merchants continue to use our platform.
 
To calculate the Gross Dollar Retention Rate for a particular quarter, we first calculate the total seasonality adjusted annualized GMV for that quarter. We then calculate the value of GMV from any merchants who discontinued their use of our platform during that quarter, or churned, based on their total GMV from the four quarters preceding such quarter, which we refer to as churned GMV. We then divide (a) the churned GMV by (b) the total seasonality adjusted annualized GMV to calculate the percentage churn for that quarter. Gross Dollar Retention Rate for a particular year is calculated by aggregating the percentage churn of the four quarters within that year and subtracting the result from 100%.
 
Our Gross Dollar Retention Rate was 97% in 2023.

Key Factors Affecting Our Performance
 
We believe our future performance will continue to depend on many factors, including the following:

•
 
Continued Growth in Global E-commerce: We expect to benefit from the continuation of several long-term secular market trends, including growth in global e-commerce over time, the continued rise in the influence of social media on shopper spending habits worldwide, the increasing relevance of D2C, as well as increased cross-border e-commerce. The rise in complexity of global trade, stemming from constantly changing regulations and technology, serves as an additional tailwind by driving merchant demand for third-party solutions with the relevant expertise and infrastructure, such as Global-e. 

•
 
Existing Merchant Retention and Expansion: We care deeply about the merchants we serve. Our commitment to their success, we believe, increases retention and likelihood of expanding their activity on our platforms. Supporting our merchants begins with enhancing both the shopper and the merchant experience; as such, we focus our efforts on developing products and functionality to ease the complexity they face when engaging in global e-commerce. We provide customer support services to their shoppers, take full responsibility for processing duties and taxes, employ dedicated teams to optimize their offering and increase their sales conversion and continue to take steps to boost retention. Our effectiveness in retaining and expanding our existing merchants’ sales is a critical component of our revenue growth and operating results.
 
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•
 
New Merchant Acquisition: Our growth depends in part on our ability to attract new merchants and add their GMV to our platforms. Over the past years, we have experienced substantial expansion in the number of merchants served by our enterprise platforms, which totaled 1,256 and 1,036 as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. In addition, thousands of merchants have already onboarded and are using Shopify Markets Pro as of December 31, 2023. New merchant acquisition is a key to scaling our platform. We have historically achieved efficient payback periods driven by a combination of direct sales, inbound inquiries, word-of-mouth referrals and channel partnerships. Continuing to add merchants to our platforms in an efficient manner is a key component of our ability to grow our revenues.

•
 
Successful Expansion to Additional Geographies: We believe our platforms can compete successfully around the world, as they enable merchants, regardless of geography, to expand their market footprint to more shoppers by selling globally. In order to successfully acquire merchants across geographies, Global-e has local sales teams in the United States, the United Kingdom, the EU, Japan and Australia as part of our efforts to expand our business within the APAC region. We plan to add local sales and additional required support in further select international markets over time to support our growth.

•
 
Investing to Scale Our Platforms and Merchant Base: We have made, and will continue to make, significant investments in our platforms to retain and scale our merchant base and enhance their experiences. In the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, excluding stock-based compensation, we spent $25.6 million (or 10.4% of revenue), $59.2 million (or 14.5% of revenue) and $71.3 million (or 12.5% of revenue), respectively, on research and development. These amounts represent year over year increases of 131.7% and 20.4% in the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively. The decrease of research and development spend as a percentage of revenue in 2023 is attributed to operational leverage post the assimilation of Flow and Borderfree. In the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, excluding the amortization of the Shopify warrants related asset, amortization of acquired intangibles and stock-based compensation, we spent $19.1 million (or 7.8% of revenue), $35.1 million (or 8.6% of revenue) and $53.1 million (or 9.3% of revenue), respectively, on sales and marketing. These amounts represent year over year increases of 83.7% and 51.3% in the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively. Overall research and development expenses were $29.8 million, $81.2 million and $97.6 million, in the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively. Overall sales and marketing expenses were, $104.7 million, $206.1 million and $217.0 million in the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively. We plan to continue to invest significantly in go-to-market and innovation to address the needs of merchants. We also plan to increase our headcount. The resources we commit to, and the investments we make in, our platforms, are designed to retain and expand the sales of our merchants, expand into new geographies and acquire new merchants, fuel our “Smart Insights” data set, develop value added services and improve our operating results in the long term.

•
 
Revenue Seasonality: Our revenue is highly correlated with the level of GMV that our merchants generate through our platforms. Our merchants typically process additional GMV each year in the fourth quarter, which includes Black Friday, Cyber Monday and the holiday season, driven by an uptick in e-commerce sales. As a result, we historically have generated higher revenues in the fourth quarter than in other quarters. In the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, fourth quarter GMV represented approximately 35%, 34% and 33%, respectively, of our total GMV. We believe that similar seasonality trends will affect our future quarterly performance. 

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•
 
Increased Efficiency from Economies of Scale: As our GMV scales, we can achieve margin expansion due to operating leverage. In addition, our larger size allows us to negotiate better terms with our suppliers allowing us to further optimize our cost base. As the number of merchants on our platforms grows, we also generate increasing amounts of data which in turn enable smarter decisions and optimizations that further increase efficiency. 
 
  
•
 
Global macro-economic: We operate alongside continued recessionary concerns and a volatile macro-economic and geo-political situation in many of the world’s largest economies. Inflationary pressures and rising interest rates in key markets may influence consumer sentiment and have a negative effect on consumer spend. Currency exchange rate fluctuations may impact our revenues and expenses and hence, our operating results. Global events have created extreme volatility in the global capital markets and is expected to have further global economic consequences, including disruptions to the global supply chain and energy markets, which may adversely affect us or the third parties on whom we rely to conduct our business and may also have a negative effect on consumer spend. 
 
Components of Our Results of Operations
 
Revenue. Our revenue is comprised of service fees and fulfillment services fees.
 
Service fees revenue is generated as a percentage of the transaction value that flows through our platforms. Fulfillment services revenue is generated through the Company’s offerings of shipping and handling services. Revenue is recognized at the time the related performance obligation is satisfied by transferring the promised product or delivery of service. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for these products or services.
 
Cost of revenue. Cost of revenue primarily consists of payment acquiring fees, fulfillment costs, including shipping and logistic costs, hosting, operational merchant support expenses, such as customer service, payroll, amortization of acquired intangibles and allocated overhead. Overhead is allocated to cost of revenue based on applicable headcount. We expect cost of revenue to increase in absolute dollars in future periods due to our expected expansion. The level and timing of all these items could fluctuate and affect our cost of revenue in the future.
 
Gross profit and gross margin. Our gross profit and gross margin may fluctuate from period to period. Such fluctuations may be influenced by our revenue, including the seasonality of our revenues, revenues mix, changes in cost of goods sold, our continued investments in our platforms, our expected expansion into additional geographies and the growth of our merchant base.
 
Research and development expenses. Research and development expenses include personnel-related expenses, including merger related contingent consideration, associated with development personnel responsible for the design, development and testing of Company products, other development-related expenses, including cost of development environments and tools, and allocated overhead. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. We expect these costs to increase as we continue to hire new employees in order to support the growing scale and feature set of our platforms. We believe continued investments in research and development are important to attain our strategic objectives and maintain our market leadership position. As such, we expect research and development costs to increase in absolute dollars, but this expense may potentially decrease as a percentage of total revenue over time.
 
Sales and marketing expenses. Sales and marketing expenses primarily consist of the amortization of the Shopify related commercial assets, costs of our sales, marketing and merchant success personnel, sales commissions, marketing activities, merchant acquisition costs, amortization of acquisition related intangible assets, channel partners fees and allocated overhead. Overhead is allocated to sales and marketing based on applicable headcount. We intend to continue to invest in our sales and marketing capabilities in the future to further increase our brand awareness and to grow our merchant base. We expect these costs to increase as we grow our business. Sales and marketing expense in absolute dollars and as a percentage of total revenue may fluctuate from period-to-period based on total revenue levels and the timing of our investments in our sales and marketing functions as these investments may vary in scope and scale over future periods. As a result of our entry into the Shopify Agreements and the related issuance of warrants to purchase ordinary shares to Shopify, we recognize a commercial agreement asset upon the vesting of the warrants, and we amortize such asset over time.
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General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses primarily consist of costs of personnel-related expenses including merger related contingent consideration, associated primarily with our finance, legal, human resources and other operational and administrative functions, external professional services and allocated overhead. We expect that our general and administrative expenses will increase in absolute dollars for the foreseeable future as we increase the size of our general and administrative function to support the growth of our business.
 
Financial expenses, net. Financial expenses, net primarily include interest income (expense), currency conversion and other bank-related fees and income and gains (losses) from foreign exchange fluctuations.
 
Income taxes. Income taxes consist primarily of deferred taxes and income taxes related to the jurisdictions in which we conduct business. Our effective tax rate is affected by tax rates in jurisdictions and the relative amounts of income we earn in those jurisdictions, changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities, applicability of any valuation allowances, and changes in tax laws in jurisdictions in which we operate. Our net operating loss carry forwards for Israeli tax purposes amounted to approximately $301 million as of December 31, 2023.
 
We expect to realize net losses in 2024 as a result of the significant increase in sales and marketing expenses in connection with the vesting of the warrants issued to Shopify. 
 
A.
    Operating Results

The following tables set forth our results of operations in U.S. dollars and as a percentage of revenue for the periods indicated:

 
 
  
Year Ended
December 31,
  
 
  
2021
    
2022
    
2023
  
(in thousands)
                  
Revenue
    
245,274
      
409,049
      
569,946
  
Cost of revenue
    
153,841
      
250,871
      
336,343
  
Gross profit
    
91,433
      
158,178
      
233,603
  
Operating expenses:
                        
Research and development
    
29,761
      
81,206
      
97,568
  
Sales and marketing
    
104,687
      
206,100
      
217,035
  
General and administrative
    
22,643
      
60,196
      
56,059
  
Total operating expenses
    
157,091
      
347,502
      
370,662
  
Operating profit (loss)
    
(65,658
)
    
(189,324
)
    
(137,059
)
Financial expenses (income), net
    
8,570
      
12,093
      
(5,262
)
Profit (loss) before income taxes
    
(74,228
)
    
(201,417
)
    
(131,797
)
Income taxes (benefit) expenses
    
705
      
(6,012
)
    
2008
  
Net profit (loss)
    
(74,933
)
    
(195,405
)
    
(133,805
)

80

 
 
  
Year ended
December 31,
  
 
  
2021
    
2022
    
2023
  
(as a % of revenue)
                  
Revenue
    
100
      
100
      
100
  
Cost of revenue
    
62.7
      
61.3
      
59.0
  
Gross profit
    
37.3
      
38.7
      
41.0
  
Operating expenses:
                        
Research and development
    
12.1
      
19.9
      
17.1
  
Sales and marketing
    
42.7
      
50.4
      
38.1
  
General and administrative
    
9.2
      
14.7
      
9.8
  
Total operating expenses
    
64.0
      
85.0
      
65.0
  
Operating profit (loss)
    
(26.8
)
    
(46.3
)
    
(24.0
)
Financial expenses, net
    
3.5
      
3.0
      
(0.9
)
Profit (loss) before income taxes
    
(30.3
)
    
(49.2
)
    
(23.1
)
Income taxes
    
0.3
      
(1.5
)
    
0.4
  
Net profit (loss)
    
(30.6
)
    
(47.8
)
    
(23.5
)

Reconciliation to Non-GAAP Gross Profit

 
  
Year Ended December 31,
  
 
  
2021
    
2022
    
2023
  
Gross Profit
    
91,433
      
158,178
      
233,603
  
Amortization of acquired intangibles included in cost of revenue
    
-
      
9,743
      
11,183
  
Non-GAAP Gross Profit
    
91,433
      
167,921
      
244,786
  
Revenues
    
245,274
      
409,049
      
569,946
  
Non-GAAP Gross Margin
    
37.3
%
    
41.1
%
    
42.9
%

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Reconciliation to Adjusted EBITDA

 
  
Year Ended December 31,
  
 
  
2021
    
2022
    
2023
  
 
      
Operating profit (loss)
    
(65,658
 )
    
(189,324
)
    
(137,059
)
1 Stock-based compensation:
                        
Cost of revenue
    
85
      
262
      
639
  
Research and development
    
4,192
      
21,970
      
26,266
  
Selling and marketing
    
1,287
      
3,877
      
4,259
  
General and administrative
    
6,437
      
12,800
      
13,796
  
Total stock-based compensation
    
12,001
      
38,909
      
44,960
  
 
                        
2 Depreciation and amortization
    
331
      
1,585
      
1,788
  
 
                        
3 Secondary offering costs
    
879
      
-
      
-
  
 
                        
4 Commercial agreement asset amortization
    
84,298
      
149,047
      
150,451
  
 
                        
5 Amortization of acquired intangibles
    
-
      
27,833
      
20,434
  
 
                        
6 Merger related contingent consideration
    
-
      
12,161
      
12,161
  
 
                        
7 Acquisition related expenses
    
573
      
8,492
      
-
  
 
                        
Adjusted EBITDA
    
32,424
      
48,703
      
92,735
  
 
                        
Revenues
    
245,274
      
409,049
      
569,946
  
Adjusted EBITDA Margin
    
13.2
%
    
11.9
%
    
16.3
%

Year ended December 31, 2023 compared to year ended December 31, 2022

Revenue. Revenue increased by $160.9 million, or 39.3%, to $569.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $409.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, consisting of increases in service fees revenue of $80.4 million, or 44.2%, to $262.2 million from $181.9 million, and fulfillment revenue of $80.5 million, or 35.5%, to $307.7 million from $227.2 million.
 
The increase in service fees revenue resulted primarily from growth of GMV from $2,450 million in the year ended December 31, 2022 to $3,557 million in the year ended December 31, 2023. GMV generated from existing merchants increased by $704 million, primarily attributable to growth in global sales, an increase in the use of our platform to support additional inbound markets and non-organic contribution from Borderfree, which in 2022, contributed only as of July. In the year ended December 31, 2023, new merchants, generated GMV of $403 million compared to $562 million. Organic GMV generated by new merchants has increased in 2023, while overall GMV from new merchants has decreased due the significant contribution of Flow and Borderfree acquisitions to new merchants GMV in 2022. The increase in fulfilment revenue resulted primarily from an increase of transactions processed through our platforms from approximately 12 million in 2022 to approximately 18 million in 2023, certain price adjustments, and was partially offset by an increase in the number of merchants using our platform services on a standalone basis.
 
Cost of Revenue and Gross Profit Margin. Cost of revenue increased by $85.5 million, or 34.1%, to $336.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $250.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, consisting of increases in service fees costs of $30.6 million, or 54.4%, to $87.0 million from $56.3 million, fulfillment costs of $53.4 million, or 28.9%, to $238.2 million from $184.8 million and $1.4 million of amortization of intangible assets due to the Flow and Borderfree acquisitions. The increase in service fees costs was primarily driven by the increased cost of serving the higher value of transactions processed through our platform and the GMV mix. The increase in fulfilment costs was primarily driven by the growth in the volume of transactions processed through our platforms.

Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses increased by $16.4 million, or 20.1%, to $97.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $81.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase was primarily attributable to an increase of $13.4 million in payroll, share-based compensation including merger-related contingent consideration and sub-contractors fees. Headcount increased by 84 to support the further development of our platform capabilities. In addition to the increased headcount we have also recorded merger-related contingent consideration expenses as part of our personnel related expenses.
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Sales and Marketing Expenses. Sales and marketing expenses increased by $10.9 million, or 5.3%, to $217 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $206.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase was primarily driven by an increase of fees paid to our partners of $13.9 million, an increase in payroll and share based compensation of $4.0 million, offset by a decrease in amortization of intangible assets expenses of $8.8 million. Total headcount within sales and marketing increased by 38 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023.
 
General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses decreased by $4.1 million, or 6.9%, to $56.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $60.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. This decrease was primarily due to one-off transaction costs in 2022 of $5.1 million incurred from the Flow and Borderfree transactions. Total headcount within general and administrative increased by 14 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023.
 
Financial Expenses, Net. Financial expenses, net decreased by $17.4 million, or 143.5%, to a financial gain of $5.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $12.1 million of financial expenses for the year ended December 31,2022, primarily driven by revaluation of financial assets and liabilities, as well as higher interest income derived from interest bearing assets. 

Income Taxes. Income taxes increased by $8 million to $2 million of expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $6.0 million of gain for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily driven by realization of deferred tax liabilities.

B.
    Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

Since our inception, we have financed our operations primarily through private placements of our equity securities. On May 14, 2021, we completed our initial public offering in which we sold 17,250,000 ordinary shares, which included 2,250,000 ordinary shares sold pursuant to the exercise by the underwriters of an over-allotment option to purchase additional shares, for proceeds of approximately $401.1 million, net of the underwriting discount and before deducting offering expenses. Our cash and cash equivalents, including short-term deposits and marketable securities, were $317.4 million as of December 31, 2023.

In September 2021, an underwritten secondary follow-on offering of 12,000,000 of our ordinary shares held by certain selling shareholders was consummated and an additional 1,800,000 ordinary shares were sold by such shareholders pursuant to the exercise of an option granted to the underwriters by the selling shareholders. We did not receive any proceeds from the sale of our ordinary shares by the selling shareholders.

On January 3, 2022, we completed the Flow Merger, and acquired Flow through the statutory merger of Flow with Global-e NewCo Inc., for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $387 million (in a combination of cash and equity). The Flow Merger was consummated in order to strengthen our offering and capabilities, to allow us access to additional addressable market of emerging brands not currently eligible to use our services. In September 2023, Shopify launched “Shopify Markets Pro”, a white-label cross-border MoR offering, currently available to Shopify US-based merchants. Shopify Markets Pro is based on the Flow platform.

  On July 1, 2022, we completed the acquisition of Borderfree, from Pitney Bowes and its subsidiaries. The Borderfree Acquisition was consummated in order to strengthen our offerings and solutions for merchants, by providing them with enhanced traffic demand generation offerings, and the ability to attract international shoppers to their web store. In addition, we utilized the strategic partnership and commercial relationship with Pitney Bowes that commenced in 2022 as part of the Borderfree acquisition, whereby Pitney Bowes is providing us and our clients with certain cross-border e-commerce logistics services and, in turn, Pitney Bowes’ clients receive access to the cross-border solutions available on our platform.
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Our primary requirement for liquidity and capital resources is to finance working capital and capital expenditures, and for general corporate purposes. We believe that the aggregation of our existing cash and cash equivalents, short-term bank deposits and investments in marketable securities, together with cash flow from operations, will be sufficient to meet our business needs for at least the next 12 months. We maintain the majority of our cash and cash equivalents in accounts with major highly rated multi-national and local financial institutions, and our deposits at these institutions exceed insured limits. Market conditions can impact the viability of these institutions, and any inability to access or delay in accessing these funds could adversely affect our business and financial position. Our future financing requirements will depend on many factors including our growth rate, levels of revenue, the expansion of sales and marketing activities, market acceptance of our platform, and the timing and extent of spending to support expansion of our platform. We may, in the future, enter into arrangements to acquire or invest in complementary technologies, solutions or businesses. We may be required to seek additional equity or debt financing. In the event we require additional financing, we may not be able to raise such financing on terms acceptable to us or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital or generate cash flows necessary to expand our operations and invest in continued innovation, we may not be able to compete successfully, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
  
The following table presents the summary consolidated cash flow information for the periods presented.

 
 
  
Year ended
December 31,
  
(in thousands)
  
2021
    
2022
    
2023
  
 
                  
Net cash provided by operating activities*
    
18,151
      
89,328
      
108,222
  
Net cash used in investing activities
    
(40,489
)
    
(330,101
)
    
(55,039
)
Net cash provided by financing activities
    
398,607
      
1,239
      
1,991
  

* See Note 2 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for additional information.

Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities

Net cash provided by operating activities was $18.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, and was primarily comprised of net loss of $74.9 million, commercial agreement asset amortization of $84.3 million, funds payable to customers of $23.1 million, accrued expenses and other liabilities of 17.9 million, offset by funds receivable of 29.3 million.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $89.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, and was primarily comprised of net loss of $195.4 million, commercial agreement asset amortization of $149.0 million, share-based compensation expenses of $38.9 million, amortization of intangible assets of $27.8 million, accrued expenses and other liabilities of $20.5 million, funds payable to customers of $17.7 million and funds receivable of $17.1 million.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $108.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, and was primarily comprised of net loss of $133.8 million, commercial agreement asset amortization of $150.5 million, share-based compensation expenses of $45.0 million, amortization of intangible assets of $20.4 million, accrued expenses and other liabilities of $30.6 million.
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Net cash used in investing activities
 
Net cash used in investing activities was $40.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, and was primarily comprised of short-term investments of $117.2 million, offset by proceeds from short-term investments of $81.7 million.

Net cash used in investing activities was $330.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, and was primarily comprised of $317.5 used for the acquisitions of Flow and Borderfree.

Net cash used in investing activities was $55 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, and was primarily comprised of investments in short-term deposits and money market funds.

Net cash provided by financing activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $398.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily comprised of proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares in connection with our IPO of $396.5 million, net of issuance costs.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, and was primarily comprised of proceeds from exercise of share options.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, and was primarily comprised of proceeds from exercise of share options.

Material Cash Requirements for Known Contractual and Other Obligations

Leases

We have various non-cancelable operating leases for our corporate offices in Petah Tikva in Israel, in London in the UK, New York City and in Atlanta in the United States. The leases for these facilities expire in 2032, 2029 and 2030, respectively and we have options to renew these leases. As of December 31, 2023, we had fixed future minimum lease payments of $26.7 million, of which $4.1 million is due in the next twelve months.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
 
A description of recently issued accounting pronouncements that may potentially impact our financial position, results of operations or cash flows is disclosed in Note 2 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

On June 30, 2022, following reassessment of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (“JOBS Act”) provisions, management concluded that the Company no longer qualified as an emerging growth company. Accounting pronouncements applicable to public companies were adopted on December 31, 2022 as of the beginning of the fiscal year 2023.
 
C.
    Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, Etc.

Our research and development activities are primarily located in Israel. Research and development expenses include personnel-related expenses associated with development personnel responsible for the design, development and testing of Company products, other development-related expenses, including cost of development environments and tools, and allocated overhead.

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, research and development costs accounted for approximately 17.1%, 19.9% and 12.3% of our total revenue, respectively. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. We expect these costs to increase as we continue to hire new employees in order to support the growing scale and feature set of our platform.
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We believe continued investments in research and development are important to attain our strategic objectives and maintain our market leadership position. As such, we expect research and development costs to increase in absolute dollars, but this expense is expected to decrease as a percentage of total revenue.
 
D.
    Trend Information

A number of industry trends are reshaping the business environment in which we operate, leading to what we believe is a unique opportunity. Key market dynamics include: 

•
Transformation of retail to be online-focused - the retail market continues to undergo a shift towards e-commerce, with growth in online sales overtime, outpacing that of brick and mortar retail. 

•
Rise of cross-border e-commerce - Cross-border e-commerce growth rates are outpacing domestic growth rates, propelled by the rise of social media and global influencers, resulting in globalization of consumer tastes and increased cross-border demand. 
   
•
Emphasis on D2C sales - e-commerce enables to enhance D2C sales for traditional and new merchants, which paves a strategic route for merchants to take ownership of shopper relationships worldwide. 
   
•
 
Challenges in executing on a Do-It-Yourself (“DIY”) strategy - Managing a D2C cross-border network is capital-intensive, requires deep local know-how, and a complex combination of features and capabilities to navigate across markets, further exacerbated by local on-going regulatory changes.
   
•
 
Supply chain evolution and disruption - Supply chains and in particular cross border supply chains are developing and enabling more efficient trade over time. Certain global conflicts have disrupted supply chains and weighed on e-commerce trade, the impact was significantly less evident for us, as merchants prioritize D2C over other channels and as air freight has not experienced significant disruptions. 
   
•
 
Global macro-economic - Inflationary pressures and rising interest rates in key markets may influence consumer sentiment and may have a negative effect on consumer spend. Exchange rate fluctuations may incur us additional costs and losses for revenues in foreign currencies Military hostilities  have created extreme volatility in the global capital markets and may cause disruptions to the global supply chain and energy markets, which may adversely affect us or the third parties on whom we rely on and may also have a negative effect on consumer spend.

Other than as disclosed above and elsewhere in this Annual Report, we are not aware of any other trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events since December 31, 2023 that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our revenues, income, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that would cause the disclosed financial information to be not necessarily indicative of future operating results or financial conditions.

For additional trend information, see the Risk Factors described in Item 3.D above, the “Overview” and “Operating Results” sections of this Item 5 - “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and Item 4 - “Information on the Company” above.
 
E.
    Critical Accounting Estimates

We have provided a summary of our significant accounting policies, estimates and judgments in our consolidated financial statements, which are included elsewhere in this Annual Report. The following critical accounting discussion pertains to accounting policies management believes are most critical to the portrayal of our historical financial condition and results of operations and that require significant, difficult, subjective or complex judgments. Other companies in similar businesses may use different estimation policies and methodologies, which may impact the comparability of our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows to those of other companies.
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Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with US GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. The Company is subject to uncertainties such as the impact of future events, economic and political factors, and changes in the Company’s business environment; therefore, actual results could differ from these estimates. Accordingly, the accounting estimates used in the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements will change as new events occur, as more experience is acquired, as additional information is obtained, and as the Company’s operating environment evolves.
 
Application of Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Revenue Recognition
 
The Company’s revenues are comprised of: 

1.
Service Fees -The Company provides merchants a global e-commerce platform which enables the sale of their products to consumers worldwide. Revenue is generated as a percentage of the value of transactions that flow through the Company’s platforms. 

2.
Fulfillment services - The Company offers shipping, handling, and other global delivery services in order to deliver merchants’ goods to consumers.

We recognize revenues in accordance with ASC No. 606 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers.” As such, we identify a contract with a customer, identify the performance obligations in the contract, determine the transaction price, allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation in the contract and recognize revenues when (or as) we satisfy a performance obligation. See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements for further information.
  
Share-Based Compensation
 
We account for share-based compensation in accordance with ASC No. 718, “Compensation - Stock Compensation” (“ASC No. 718”). ASC No. 718 requires companies to estimate the fair value of equity-based payment awards on the date of grant using an option-pricing model. The value of the award is recognized as an expense over the requisite service periods, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award, on a straight-line basis when the only condition to vesting is continued service. If vesting is subject to a performance condition, recognition is based on the implicit service period of the award. Expense for awards with performance conditions is estimated and adjusted on a quarterly basis based upon the assessment of the probability that the performance condition will be met.
 
We selected the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model as the most appropriate fair value method for our option awards. The fair value of Restricted Share Units (“RSUs”) without market conditions, is based on the closing market value of the underlying shares at the date of grant.
 
The option-pricing models require a number of assumptions, of which the most significant are the expected share price volatility and the expected option term. We recognize forfeitures of equity-based awards as they occur.
 
As there was no public market for our ordinary shares prior to the IPO, the fair value of our ordinary shares prior to the IPO was determined by our board of directors after considering contemporaneous third-party valuations and input from management. The valuations of the Company’s ordinary shares were determined in accordance with the guidelines outlined in the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Practice Aid, Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation. In the absence of a public trading market, the Company’s board of directors, with input from management, exercised significant judgment and considered various objective and subjective factors to determine the fair value of the Company’s ordinary shares as of the date of each option grant.
 
These estimates involve uncertainties and the application of judgment. If circumstances are changed and different estimates are used, our expenses could materially differ in the future.
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Business Combination 

We account for business combinations in accordance with ASC 805, “Business Combinations”. ASC 805 requires recognition of assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and any non-controlling interest at the acquisition date, measured at their fair values as of that date. The Company determines the recognition of intangible assets based on the following criteria: (i) the intangible asset arises from contractual or other rights; or (ii) the intangible asset is separable or divisible from the acquired entity and capable of being sold, transferred, licensed, returned or exchanged.
The excess of the fair value of the purchase price over the fair values of the identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. Determining the fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities requires management to use significant judgment and estimates including the forecasted revenue and revenues growth rates, discount rates, customer contract renewal rates and customer attrition rates.

The process of estimating the fair values requires significant estimates, especially with respect to intangible assets. Critical estimates in valuing certain intangible assets include, but are not limited to, future expected cash flows from customer relationships, merchant/network affiliate relationships, publisher relationships, technology, tradenames, and discount rates. The Company estimates fair value based upon assumptions that are believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable and, as a result, actual results may differ from estimates.

Income Taxes
 
We calculate income tax provisions based on our results in each jurisdiction in which we operate. The calculation is based on estimated tax consequences and on assumptions as to our entitlement to various benefits under the applicable local tax laws.
 
Significant judgment is required in evaluating our uncertain tax positions. We establish reserves for uncertain tax positions based on the evaluation of whether or not our uncertain tax position is “more likely than not” to be sustained upon examination based on our technical merits. We record estimated interest and penalties pertaining to our uncertain tax positions in the financial statements as income tax expense.
 
Deferred tax assets are recognized for unused tax losses, unused tax credits, and deductible temporary differences to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available, against which they can be used. Deferred taxes for each jurisdiction are presented as a net asset or liability, net of any valuation allowances. We estimate the need for any valuation allowance by applying significant judgment and considering all available evidence including past results and future projections. We reassess our estimates periodically and record a partial or full valuation allowance release if needed.
 
We cannot assure that future final tax outcomes will not be different than our tax provisions and reserves for uncertain tax positions. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will impact the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made.
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Commercial Agreement Asset
 
During the year ended December 2022 we recognized an asset in connection with a commercial agreement with Shopify Inc., in which the Company granted warrants in exchange for the benefit of being an exclusive third-party provider of an end-to-end cross-border solution. This asset represents the probable future economic benefit to be realized over a four-year expected benefit period and is valued based on the fair value of the vested warrants on the grant date.
 
We record amortization expenses related to the commercial agreement asset over a four-year period in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations as a component of sales and marketing.
  
Impact of Foreign Currency Fluctuation
 
See Item 3.D. “Risk Factors- We are exposed to fluctuations in currency exchange rates, which could negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations.” and Item 11. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk-Foreign Currency Exchange Risk.”
 
Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees
 
A.
    Directors and Senior Management

The following table sets forth the name and position of each of our executive officers and directors as of March 20, 2024:

Name
  
Age
  
Position
Executive Officers
         
Amir Schlachet
  
47
  
Co-Founder, Chief Executive Officer, Director
Shahar Tamari
  
52
  
Co-Founder, Chief Operations Officer, Director
Nir Debbi
  
50
  
Co-Founder, President, Director
Ofer Koren
  
53
  
Chief Financial Officer
Ran Fridman
  
49
  
Chief Revenue Officer
Yehiam Shinder
  
43
  
Chief Technology Officer
 
      
   
Non-Executive Directors
      
  
Gen Tsuchikawa (2)(3)*
  
62
  
Director
Miguel Angel Parra *
  
56
  
Director
Tzvia Broida (1)*
  
55
  
Director
Anna Bakst (1)(2)(3)*
  
62
  
Director
Iris Epple-Righi (1)(2)(3)*
  
58
  
Director
 
(1)
Serves as a member of our Audit Committee.
(2)
Serves as a member of our Compensation Committee.
(3)
Serves as a member of our Nominating, Governance & Sustainability Committee.
*
Qualifies as independent under the NASDAQ listing standards.

Executive Officers

Amir Schlachet is our Co-Founder and has served as our Chief Executive Officer since May 1, 2013. Mr. Schlachet has also served as a member of our board of directors since February 20, 2013. Prior to co-founding Global-e, Mr. Schlachet served as SVP and strategic advisor to the chief executive officer of Bank Hapoalim, a banking institution, after serving several years as a management consultant with McKinsey & Company, a financial service consulting company. Mr. Schlachet holds an M.B.A. from INSEAD, an M.Sc. in Electrical Engineering from Tel-Aviv University and a B.Sc. in Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
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Shahar Tamari is our Co-Founder and has served as our Chief Operations Officer since May 1, 2013. Mr. Tamari has also served as a member of our board of directors since February 21, 2013. Mr. Tamari previously served as the VP and Head of e-payments for 888 Holdings, a gaming brand and website, from February 2009 until May 2013. Prior to that, he served as Head of e-Banking Business Development with Bank Hapoalim, a banking institution, for seven years, from October 2001 until January 2009. Mr. Tamari received an M.Sc. in Technology Management and Information Systems from Tel Aviv University, and a B.A. in Business Administration, from the College of Management Academic Studies.
 
Nir Debbi is our Co-Founder and has served as our President since July 1, 2021 and previously served as our Chief Marketing Officer from May 1, 2013 to July 1, 2021. Mr. Debbi has also served as member of our board of directors since February 20, 2013. Prior to co-founding Global-e, Mr. Debbi served as SVP and Head of Strategy and Business Development at Bank Hapoalim, a banking institution, following a term as Head of Retail Strategy. Mr. Debbi holds an M.B.A and a B.Sc. in Economics, both from Tel-Aviv University.
 
Ofer Koren has served as our Chief Financial Officer since August 1, 2020. Prior to joining us, Mr. Koren served as chief financial officer and deputy chief executive officer at Bank Hapoalim, a banking institution as well as in various strategy and business development roles during the years 2013-2020. Prior to that, Mr. Koren was a partner with Deloitte-Monitor Management Consulting (previously Trigger-Foresight). Mr. Koren holds an M.B.A. from Tel-Aviv University and a B.Sc. in Economics from Haifa University.
 
Ran Fridman has served as our Chief Revenue Officer since July 1, 2021. Prior to joining us, Mr. Fridman served as the global VP sales of Allot Ltd., a telecommunications company, from May 2017 to July 2021. Prior to that, he served in multiple global sales positions, including at Nokia, where he held numerous roles within senior global management, sales, and sales support.

Yehiam Shinder has served as our Chief Technology Officer since February 5, 2024, and previously served as our SVP Engineering from April 1, 2023 to February 5, 2024. Prior to joining us, Mr. Shinder served as the Chief Information Officer at Kaltura (NASDAQ:KLTR), a software company, from 2011 until 2022. Prior to that, he held several technology leadership positions at 888 Holdings, a gaming brand and website.
 
Non-Executive Directors
 
Miguel Angel Parra has served as a member of our board of directors since January 1, 2020. Mr. Parra currently serves as the Chief Executive Officer of DHL Express Europe, a shipping and logistics company, since January 1, 2024, prior to which he served as the Chief Executive Officer of DHL Express Americas, since 20214, and prior to which he served in numerous management positions, since 1997. Prior to that, from 1986 to 1997, Mr. Parra served as a general manager of TNT Express Worldwide. Mr. Parra holds an associate’s degree in Business from Miami-Dade Community College and is a graduate of the Advanced Management Program of Fuqua School of Business Duke University.
 
Tzvia Broida has served as a member of our board of directors since May 14, 2021. From 2013 to 2021, Ms. Broida has served on the board of directors and as chairperson of the audit committee of Jacada Ltd. (JCDAF). Since 2021, Ms. Broida has also served as the Chief Financial Officer of NeuroBlade Ltd. Before joining NeuroBlade, Ms. Broida served as the Chief Financial Officer of Sensible Medical Innovations Ltd from 2011 to 2021. Prior to that, Ms. Broida served in various positions at Jacada Ltd, including as Chief Financial Officer from 2005 to 2009, and before that she worked as an accountant at several accounting office firms. Ms. Broida received a B.A. in Accounting & Economics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
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Anna Bakst has served as a member of our board of directors since May 14, 2021. From 2018 to 2019, Ms. Bakst served as Brand President and Chief Executive Officer of Kate Spade New York, a fashion retailer. Before that, Ms. Bakst served as Group President at Michael Kors from 2003 to 2017. Prior to Michael Kors, Ms. Bakst served in various positions at Donna Karan International from 1990 to 2001. Ms. Bakst received an M.B.A from Stanford University and a B.S. in Industrial Engineering from Purdue University.

Iris Epple-Righi has served as a member of our board of directors since May 14, 2021. Ms. Epple-Righi has served on the board of directors and as a member of the working committee of Hugo Boss, a fashion retailer, since 2020. From 2016 to 2019, Ms. Epple-Righi served as Chief Executive Officer of Escada SE. Before that, Ms. Epple-Righi served in various positions in Calvin Klein from 2013 to 2016 and Tommy Hilfiger from 2003 to 2013. Ms. Epple-Righi received an M.B.A from the University of Tübingen.

Gen Tsuchikawa has served as a member of our board of directors since November 29, 2023. Mr. Tsuchikawa also serves as the Chairman at Sony Ventures Corporation since January 2024, prior to which he served as the CEO and Chief Investment Officer at Sony Ventures Corporation since February 2022, where he directs the venture investment arm of Sony Group Corporation, known as the Sony Innovation Fund. Mr. Tsuchikawa also serves as the Corporate Vice President of Sony Ventures Corporation since June 2011 and previously served in several other executive roles at Sony since 2004. Prior to joining Sony Ventures Corporation, Mr. Tsuchikawa spent 20 years in the finance industry at Merril Lynch and the Industrial Bank of Japan. Mr. Tsuchikawa received a B.A. from Hitotsubashi University in Japan and an M.B.A. from Stanford Graduate School of Business.
 
Board Diversity Matrix (as of the date of this Annual Report)
Country of Principal Executive Offices:
Israel
Foreign Private Issuer
Yes
Disclosure Prohibited under Home Country Law
No
Total Number of Directors
8
 
Female
 
 
Male
 
 
Non-
Binary
 
Did Not
Disclose
Gender
Part I: Gender Identity
 
Directors
3
5
-
-
Part II: Demographic Background
 
Underrepresented Individual in Home Country Jurisdiction
2
LGBTQ+
-
Did Not Disclose Demographic Background
-

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B.
    Compensation

Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers
 
Directors
 
Under the Companies Law, the compensation of our directors requires the approval of our compensation committee, the subsequent approval of the board of directors and, unless exempted under regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, the approval of the shareholders at a general meeting. If the compensation of our directors is inconsistent with our stated compensation policy, then those provisions that must be included in the compensation policy according to the Companies Law must have been considered by the compensation committee and board of directors, and shareholder approval will also be required, provided that:
 
•
at least a majority of the shares held by all shareholders who are not controlling shareholders and do not have a personal interest in such matter, present and voting at such meeting, are voted in favor of the compensation package, excluding abstentions; or 
 
•
the total number of shares of non-controlling shareholders and shareholders who do not have a personal interest in such matter voting against the compensation package does not exceed two percent (2%) of the aggregate voting rights in the Company.

Executive Officers other than the Chief Executive Officer

The Companies Law requires the approval of the compensation of a public company’s executive officers (other than the chief executive officer) in the following order: (i) the compensation committee, (ii) the company’s board of directors, and (iii) if such compensation arrangement is inconsistent with the company’s stated compensation policy, the company’s shareholders (by a special majority vote as discussed above with respect to the approval of director compensation). However, if the shareholders of the company decline to approve a compensation arrangement with an executive officer that is inconsistent with the company’s stated compensation policy, the compensation committee and board of directors may override the shareholders’ decision if each of the compensation committee and the board of directors provide detailed reasons for their decision.
  
An amendment to an existing arrangement with an office holder (who is not a director) requires only the approval of the compensation committee, if the compensation committee determines that the amendment is not material in comparison to the existing arrangement. However, according to regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, an amendment to an existing arrangement with an office holder (who is not a director) who is subordinate to the chief executive officer shall not require the approval of the compensation committee, if (i) the amendment is approved by the chief executive officer, (ii) the company’s compensation policy provides that a non-material amendment to the terms of service of an office holder (other than the chief executive officer) may be approved by the chief executive officer and (iii) the engagement terms are consistent with the company’s compensation policy.

Chief Executive Officer

Under the Companies Law, the compensation of a public company’s chief executive officer is required to be approved by: (i) the company’s compensation committee; (ii) the company’s board of directors, and (iii) the company’s shareholders (by a special majority vote as discussed above with respect to the approval of director compensation). However, if the shareholders of the company decline to approve the compensation arrangement with the chief executive officer, the compensation committee and board of directors may override the shareholders’ decision if each of the compensation committee and the board of directors provide a detailed report for their decision. The approval of each of the compensation committee and the board of directors should be in accordance with the company’s stated compensation policy; however, in special circumstances, they may approve compensation terms of a chief executive officer that are inconsistent with such policy provided that they have considered those provisions that must be included in the compensation policy according to the Companies Law and that shareholder approval was obtained (by a special majority vote as discussed above with respect to the approval of director compensation). In addition, the compensation committee may waive the shareholder approval requirement with regards to the approval of the engagement terms of a candidate for the chief executive officer position, if they determine that the compensation arrangement is consistent with the company’s stated compensation policy and that the chief executive officer candidate did not have a prior business relationship with the company or a controlling shareholder of the company and that subjecting the approval of the engagement to a shareholder vote would impede the company’s ability to employ the chief executive officer candidate. In the event that the chief executive officer candidate also serves as a member of the board of directors, his or her compensation terms as chief executive officer will be approved in accordance with the rules applicable to approval of compensation of directors.
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Aggregate Compensation of Office Holders
 
The aggregate compensation, including share-based compensation, paid by us and our subsidiaries to our executive officers and directors for the year ended December 31, 2023 was approximately $13.9 million. This amount includes approximately $0.4 million set aside or accrued to provide pension, severance, retirement or similar benefits or expenses, but does not include business travel, relocation, professional and business association dues and expenses reimbursed to office holders, and other benefits commonly reimbursed or paid by companies in Israel. During the year ended December 31, 2023, our executive officers and directors were granted 382,273 restricted share units under our equity incentive plans. As of December 31, 2023, options to purchase 5,481,900 ordinary shares granted to our executive officers and directors under equity incentive plans, at a weighted average exercise price of $2.88 and having expiration dates generally ten (10) years after the grant date, and 570,868 restricted share units granted under our equity incentive plans, were outstanding.
 
We pay each of our non-employee directors, other than individuals who served on our board of directors immediately prior to the consummation of our IPO, who serves on the board an annual retainer of $35,000, with additional annual payment for service on board committees as follows: $10,000 (or $20,000 for the chairperson) per membership of the audit committee, or $7,500 (or $15,000 for the chairperson) per membership of the compensation committee and $4,250 (or $8,500 for the chairperson) per membership of the nominating and governance committee. In addition, upon election, non-employee directors, other than individuals who served on our board of directors immediately prior to the consummation of our IPO, are granted with restricted share unit awards under our incentive plan at a value of $250,000 which vests on an annual basis over a period of three years. In addition, each non-employee director, other than individuals who served on our board of directors immediately prior to the consummation of our IPO, are granted annual restricted share unit awards under our incentive plan (provided the director is still in office) at a value of $150,000 which shall vest on the first anniversary of the grant date. Individuals who served on our board of directors immediately prior to the consummation of our IPO do not receive additional compensation for their service on our board.
  
The following is a summary of the salary expenses and social benefit costs of our five most highly compensated executive officers in 2023, or the “Covered Executives”. All amounts reported reflect the cost to the Company as recognized in our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023. U.S. dollar amounts indicated for compensation of our Covered Executives are in thousands of dollars.
 
Name and Principal Position(2)
  
Base
Salary
($)
    
Benefits and Perquisites
($)(3)
    
Variable compensation
($)(4)
    
Equity-Based Compensation
($)(5)
    
Total
($)
  
 
  
(in thousands, US dollars) (1)
  
Amir Schlachet, Co-Founder, Chief Executive Officer, Director
    
306
      
55
      
145
      
2,587
      
3,093
  
Shahar Tamari, Co-Founder, Chief Operations Officer, Director
    
306
      
70
      
145
      
2,587
      
3,108
  
Nir Debbi, Co-Founder, President, Director
    
306
      
65
      
145
      
2,587
      
3,103
  
Ofer Koren, Chief Financial Officer
    
305
      
56
      
120
      
1,105
      
1,586
  
Ran Fridman, Chief Revenue Officer
    
305
      
64
      
151
      
1,026
      
1,545
  

(1)
All amounts reported in the table are in terms of cost to us, as recorded in our financial statements.
(2)
All Covered Executives listed in the table are our full-time employees. Cash compensation amounts denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar were converted into U.S. dollars at the average conversion rate for 2023.
(3)
 
Amounts reported in this column include social benefits paid by us on behalf of the Covered Executives, convalescence pay, contributions made by the company to an insurance policy or a pension fund, work disability insurance, severance, educational fund and payments for social security.
(4)
 
Amounts reported in this column refer to incentive and variable compensation payments which were paid or accrued with respect to 2023. In accordance with the Company’s compensation policy, we also paid cash bonuses to our Covered Executives upon compliance with predetermined performance parameters and an over achievement bonus as set by the compensation committee and the board of directors. These amounts were provided for in our 2023 financial statements (but will be paid during 2024).
(5)
 
Amounts reported in this column represent the expense recorded in our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023 with respect to equity-based compensation grants-- options and restricted share units. The relevant amounts underlying the equity awards granted to our officers during 2023, will continue to be expensed in our financial statements over a four-year period during the years 2023-2026 on account of the 2023 grants in similar annualized amounts. Assumptions and key variables used in the calculation of such amounts are described in Note 9 to our audited consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this Annual Report. All equity-based compensation grants to our Covered Executives were made in accordance with the parameters of our Company’s compensation policy and were approved by our compensation committee and board of directors.

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Employment and consulting agreements with executive officers and directors
 
We have entered into written employment agreements with each of our executive officers. These agreements provide for notice periods of varying duration for termination of the agreement by us or by the relevant executive officer, during which time the executive officer will continue to receive salary and benefits. These agreements also contain customary provisions regarding non-competition, non-solicitation confidentiality of information and assignment of inventions. However, the enforceability of the non-competition provisions may be limited under applicable law. We do not have any service agreements with any of our non-employee directors providing for benefits upon termination of service.
 
Share Incentive Plans
 
2013 Share Option Plan.
 
The 2013 Share Incentive Plan, or the 2013 Plan, was adopted by our board of directors on May 13, 2013 and amended on April 2, 2019. The 2013 Plan provides for the grant of equity-based incentive awards to our employees, directors, office holders, service providers and consultants in order to incentivize them to increase their efforts on behalf of the Company and to promote the success of the Company’s business.
 
We no longer grant any awards under the 2013 Plan as it was superseded by the 2021 Plan, although previously granted awards remain outstanding. Ordinary shares subject to outstanding options granted under the 2013 Plan that expire or become un-exercisable without having been exercised in full will become available again for future grant under the 2021 Plan. Our board of directors, or a duly authorized committee of our board of directors, or the administrator, administers the 2013 Plan.
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2021 Employee Share Purchase Plan
 
The 2021 Employee Share Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) was adopted by our board of directors on March 1, 2021. The ESPP is comprised of two distinct components: (1) the component intended to qualify for favorable U.S. federal tax treatment under Section 423 of the Code (the “Section 423 Component”) and (2) the component not intended to be tax qualified under Section 423 of the Code to facilitate participation for employees who are not eligible to benefit from favorable U.S. federal tax treatment and, to the extent applicable, to provide flexibility to comply with non U.S. law and other considerations (the “Non Section 423 Component”).
  
As of December 31, 2023, a total of 2,500,000 of our ordinary shares was available for sale under our ESPP, subject to adjustment as provided for in the ESPP. In addition, on the first day of each fiscal year beginning with our 2022 fiscal year and ending on and including the fiscal year of 2029, such pool of ordinary shares shall be increased by that number of our ordinary shares equal to the lesser of (i) 0.5% of the outstanding ordinary shares as of the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year, determined on a fully diluted basis or (ii) such smaller amount as our board of directors may determine. Our board of directors resolved not to increase the pool of ordinary shares available for sale under the ESPP for the fiscal years 2022, 2023 and 2024.  

In no event will more than 2,750,000 ordinary shares be available for issuance under the Section 423 Component.

Unless otherwise determined by our board of directors, the compensation committee of our board of directors, or the administrator, will administer the ESPP and will have the authority to interpret the terms of the ESPP and determine eligibility under the ESPP, and otherwise exercise such powers and to perform such acts as the administrator deems necessary in accordance with the terms of the ESPP and applicable law.

Eligible employees become participants in the ESPP by enrolling to purchase our ordinary shares through contributions, in the form of payroll deductions, or otherwise, to the extent permitted by the administrator. Amounts contributed and accumulated by the participant will be used to purchase shares at the end of each offering period. The administrator may amend, suspend or terminate the ESPP at any time.
 
2021 Share Incentive Plan
 
The 2021 Share Incentive Plan, or the 2021 Plan, was adopted by our board of directors on March 1, 2021. The 2021 Plan provides for the grant of equity-based incentive awards to our employees, directors, office holders, service providers and consultants in order to incentivize them to increase their efforts on behalf of the Company and to promote the success of the Company’s business.

The maximum number ordinary shares available for issuance under the 2021 Plan is equal to the sum of (i) 13,500,000 shares, (ii) any shares subject to awards under the 2013 Plan which have expired, or were cancelled, terminated, forfeited or settled in cash in lieu of issuance of shares or became un-exercisable without having been exercised, and (iii) an annual increase on the first day of each year beginning in 2022 and on January 1st of each calendar year thereafter during the term of the Plan, equal to the lesser of (1) five percent (5%) of the outstanding ordinary shares of the Company on the last day of the immediately preceding calendar year and (2) such smaller amount as our board of directors may determine. No more than 13,500,000 ordinary shares may be issued upon the exercise of incentive stock options, or ISOs. Our board of directors resolved not to increase the pool of ordinary shares available for sale under the 2021 Plan for the fiscal years 2023 and 2024. 
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Our board of directors, or a duly authorized committee of our board of directors, or the administrator, will administer the 2021 Plan. The administrator may interpret the terms of the 2021 Plan and any award agreements or awards granted thereunder, designate recipients of awards, determine and amend the terms of awards, and take all other actions and make all other determinations necessary for the administration of the 2021 Plan, in accordance with the terms of the 2021 Plan and applicable law.
 
The 2021 Plan provides for granting awards under various tax regimes, including, without limitation, in compliance with Section 102 of the Israeli Income Tax Ordinance (New Version), 5721-1961 (the “Ordinance”), and Section 3(9) of the Ordinance and for awards granted to our United States employees or service providers, including those who are deemed to be residents of the United States for tax purposes, Section 422 of the Code and Section 409A of the Code.

Section 102 of the Ordinance allows employees, directors and officers who are not controlling shareholders and are considered Israeli residents to receive favorable tax treatment for compensation in the form of shares or options, subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Ordinance. Our service providers and controlling shareholders may only be granted options under section 3(9) of the Ordinance, which does not provide for similar tax benefits.
 
The 2021 Plan provides for the grant of stock options (including incentive stock options and nonqualified stock options), ordinary shares, restricted shares, restricted share units, stock appreciation rights and other share-based awards.
 
As of December 31, 2023, a total of 7,761,657 options to purchase ordinary shares, with a weighted average exercise price of $2.56 per share and 1,957,057 restricted share units were outstanding under our 2021 Plan and 2013 Plan. As of December 31, 2023, 18,370,826 ordinary shares were available for future grant under the 2021 Plan.
 
C.
    Board Practices

Corporate Governance Practices
 
As an Israeli company, we are subject to various corporate governance requirements under the Companies Law. However, pursuant to regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, companies with shares traded on certain U.S. stock exchanges, including Nasdaq, may, subject to certain conditions, “opt out” from the Companies Law requirements to appoint external directors and related Companies Law rules concerning the composition of the audit committee and compensation committee of the board of directors (other than the gender diversification rule under the Companies Law, which requires the appointment of a director from the other gender if at the time a director is appointed all members of the board of directors are of the same gender). In accordance with these regulations, we elected to “opt out” from such requirements of the Companies Law. Under these regulations, the exemptions from such Companies Law requirements will continue to be available to us so long as: (i) we do not have a “controlling shareholder” (as such term is defined under the Companies Law), (ii) our shares are traded on certain U.S. stock exchanges, including Nasdaq, and (iii) we comply with the director independence requirements and the audit committee and compensation committee composition requirements under U.S. laws (including applicable rules of Nasdaq) applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.
  
We are a “foreign private issuer” (as such term is defined in Rule 3b-4 under the Exchange Act). As a foreign private issuer we are permitted to comply with Israeli corporate governance practices instead of the corporate governance rules of Nasdaq, provided that we disclose which requirements we are not following and the equivalent Israeli requirement. As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt under the Exchange Act from, among other things, the rules prescribing the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act.
  
For more information regarding our corporate governance practices and foreign private issuer status, see “Corporate Governance” in Item 16.G below.
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Board of Directors
 
Under the Companies Law and our amended and restated articles of association, our business and affairs are managed under the direction of our board of directors. Our board of directors may exercise all powers and may take all actions that are not specifically granted to our shareholders or to executive management. Our Chief Executive Officer (referred to as a “general manager” under the Companies Law) is responsible for our day-to-day management. Our Chief Executive Officer is appointed by, and serves at the discretion of, our board of directors, subject to the employment agreement that we have entered into with him. All other executive officers are appointed by the Chief Executive Officer, subject to applicable corporate approvals, and are subject to the terms of any applicable employment or consulting agreements that we may enter into with them.
 
Under our amended and restated articles of association, the number of directors on our board of directors is determined by our board of directors and will be no less than three and no more than eleven directors divided into three classes with staggered three-year terms. Each class of directors consists, as nearly as possible, of one-third of the total number of directors constituting the entire board of directors. At each annual general meeting of our shareholders, the election or re-election of directors following the expiration of the term of office of the directors of that class of directors will be for a term of office that expires on the third annual general meeting following such election or re-election, such that each year the term of office of only one class of directors expires.
 
We comply with the rules of Nasdaq requiring that a majority of our directors are independent. Our board of directors has determined that all of our directors, other than Amir Schlachet, Nir Debbi and Shahar Tamari, are independent under such rules. Our directors are divided among the three classes as follows: 

•
the Class I directors are Amir Schlachet, Miguel Angel Parra and Iris Epple-Righi, and their terms will expire at our annual general meeting of shareholders to be held in 2025; 
   
•
the Class II directors, are Nir Debbi and Anna Jain Bakst, and their terms will expire at our annual meeting of shareholders to be held in 2026; and 
   
•
The Class III directors are Shahar Tamari, Gen Tsuchikawa and Tzvia Broida, and their terms will expire at our annual meeting of shareholders to be held in 2024. 

Our directors are appointed by a simple majority vote of holders of our ordinary shares, participating and voting at an annual general meeting of our shareholders, provided that (i) in the event of a contested election, the method of calculation of the votes and the manner in which the resolutions will be presented to our shareholders at the general meeting shall be determined by our board of directors in its discretion, and (ii) in the event that our board of directors does not or is unable to make a determination on such matter, then the directors will be elected by a plurality of the voting power represented at the general meeting in person or by proxy and voting on the election of directors. Each director will hold office until the annual general meeting of our shareholders for the year in which such director’s term expires, unless the tenure of such director expires earlier pursuant to the Companies Law or unless such director is removed from office as described below.
 
Under our amended and restated articles of association, the approval of the holders of at least 70% of the total voting power of our shareholders is generally required to remove any of our directors from office or amend the provision requiring the approval of at least 70% of the total voting power of our shareholders to remove any of our directors from office, or certain other provisions regarding our staggered board, shareholder proposals, the size of our board and plurality voting in contested elections. In addition, vacancies on our board of directors may be filled by a vote of a simple majority of the directors then in office. A director so appointed will hold office until the next annual general meeting of our shareholders for the election of the class of directors in respect of which the vacancy was created, or in the case of a vacancy due to the number of directors being less than the maximum number of directors stated in our amended and restated articles of association, until the next annual general meeting of our shareholders for the election of the class of directors to which such director was assigned by our board of directors.
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Chairperson of the Board
 
Our amended and restated articles of association provide that the Chairperson of the board of directors is appointed by the members of the board of directors from among them. Under the Companies Law, the chief executive officer of a public company, or a relative of the chief executive officer, may not serve as the chairperson of the board of directors of such public company, and the chairperson of the board of directors of a public company, or a relative of the chairperson, may not be vested with authorities of the chief executive officer of such public company, without shareholder approval consisting of a majority vote of the shares present and voting at a shareholders meeting, and in addition, either: 
 
•
at least a majority of the shares of non-controlling shareholders and shareholders that do not have a personal interest in the approval voted at the meeting are voted in favor (disregarding abstentions); or 
   
•
the total number of shares of non-controlling shareholders and shareholders who do not have a personal interest in such appointment that re voted against such appointment does not exceed two percent (2%) of the aggregate voting rights in the company.

In addition, a person who is subordinated, directly or indirectly, to the chief executive officer may not serve as the chairperson of the board of directors, the chairperson of the board of directors may not be vested with authorities that are granted to persons who are subordinated to the chief executive officer and the chairperson of the board of directors may not serve in any other position in the company or in a controlled subsidiary, but may serve as a director or chairperson of a controlled subsidiary.
 
During a special and annual general meeting of our shareholders held on March 21, 2021, our shareholders approved the appointment of Amir Schlachet as Chairperson of our board of directors in addition to his role as our Chief Executive Officer. According to the Companies Law and the regulations promulgated thereunder, such appointment is valid for an initial term of five years following the closing of our initial public offering. Following such initial term, each renewal of the appointment of our Chief Executive Officer as Chairperson of the board of directors will be subject to the shareholder approval described above and will be limited to a three-year term.
  
External Directors
 
Under the Companies Law, companies incorporated under the laws of the State of Israel that are “public companies,” including companies with shares listed on Nasdaq, are required to appoint at least two external directors. Pursuant to regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, companies with shares traded on certain U.S. stock exchanges, including Nasdaq, which do not have a “controlling shareholder,” may, subject to certain conditions, “opt out” from the Companies Law requirements to appoint external directors and related Companies Law rules concerning the composition of the audit committee and compensation committee of the board of directors. In accordance with these regulations, we have elected to “opt out” from the Companies Law requirement to appoint external directors and related Companies Law rules concerning the composition of the audit committee and compensation committee of our board of directors.
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Board Committees
 
Our board of directors has established an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating, governance and sustainability committee.
 
Audit Committee
 
Companies Law Requirements. Under the Companies Law, the board of directors of a public company must appoint an audit committee. The audit committee must be comprised of at least three directors.
 
Listing Requirements. Under the corporate governance rules of Nasdaq, we are required to maintain an audit committee consisting of at least three independent directors, each of whom is financially literate and one of whom has accounting or related financial management expertise.
 
Our audit committee consists of Tzvia Broida, Anna Bakst and Iris Epple-Righi. Tzvia Broida serves as the chairperson of the audit committee. All members of our audit committee meet the requirements for financial literacy under the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC and the corporate governance rules of Nasdaq. Our board of directors has determined that Tzvia Broida is an audit committee financial expert as defined by the SEC rules and has the requisite financial experience as defined by the corporate governance rules of Nasdaq.
 
Our board of directors has determined that each member of our audit committee is “independent” as such term is defined under the Nasdaq corporate governance rules and under and Rule 10A-3(b)(1) under the Exchange Act, which is different from the general test for independence of board members.
 
Audit Committee Role. Our board of directors has adopted an audit committee charter setting forth the responsibilities of the audit committee, which are consistent with the Companies Law, the SEC rules and the corporate governance rules of Nasdaq and include:
 
•
retaining and terminating our independent auditors, subject to ratification by the board of directors, and in the case of retention, to ratification by the shareholders; 
   
•
pre-approving audit and non-audit services to be provided by the independent auditors and related fees and terms; 
   
•
 
overseeing the accounting and financial reporting processes of our Company and audits of our financial statements, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and making such reports as may be required of an audit committee under the rules and regulations promulgated under the Exchange Act; 
   
•
reviewing with management and our independent auditor our annual and quarterly financial statements prior to publication or filing (or submission, as the case may be) to the SEC; 
   
•
 
recommending to the board of directors the retention and termination of the internal auditor, and the internal auditor’s engagement fees and terms, in accordance with the Companies Law as well as approving the yearly or periodic work plan proposed by the internal auditor and reviewing and discussing the results of internal auditor activities, including significant findings and management’s responses to significant findings; 
   
•
 
reviewing policies and procedures with respect to related party transactions (other than transactions related to the compensation or terms of services) between the Company and officers and directors, or affiliates of officers or directors, or transactions that are not in the ordinary course of the Company’s business and deciding whether to approve such acts and transactions if so required under the Companies Law and the rules of Nasdaq; 
   
•
reviewing policies with respect to assessment and risk management, including the management of financial risks, cybersecurity, and information security risks and discuss with management the steps management has taken to monitor and control these exposures;
   
•
periodically evaluating the committee’s performance; and
   
•
establishing procedures for the handling of employees’ complaints as to the management of our business and the protection to be provided to such employees.

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Compensation Committee
 
Companies Law Requirements. Under the Companies Law, the board of directors of a public company must appoint a compensation committee, which must be comprised of at least three directors.
 
Listing Requirements. Under the corporate governance rules of Nasdaq, we are required to maintain a compensation committee consisting of at least two independent directors.
 
Our compensation committee consists of Anna Bakst, Iris Epple-Righi and Gen Tsuchikawa. Anna Bakst serves as chairperson of the committee. Our board of directors has determined that each member of our compensation committee is independent under the corporate governance rules of Nasdaq, including the additional independence requirements applicable to the members of a compensation committee.
 
Compensation Committee Role
 
In accordance with the Companies Law, the roles of the compensation committee are, among others, as follows:
 
•
making recommendations to the board of directors with respect to the approval of the compensation policy for office holders and, once every three years, regarding any extensions to a compensation policy that was adopted for a period of more than three years; 
 
•
reviewing the implementation of the compensation policy and periodically making recommendations to the board of directors with respect to any amendments or updates of the compensation policy; 
 
•
resolving whether or not to approve arrangements with respect to the terms of office and employment of office holders; and 
 
•
exempting, under certain circumstances, a transaction with our Chief Executive Officer from the approval of our shareholders.

Our board of directors has adopted a compensation committee charter setting forth the responsibilities of the committee, which are consistent with the Companies Law, the SEC rules and the corporate governance rules of Nasdaq and include among others:
 
•
overseeing the Company's succession planning for the Chief Executive Officer and other office holders;
   
•
 
recommending to our board of directors for its approval a compensation policy in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Law as well as other compensation policies, incentive-based compensation plans and equity-based compensation plans, and overseeing the development and implementation of such policies and recommending to our board of directors any amendments or modifications to such policies the committee deems appropriate, including as required under the Companies Law; 
   
•
 
reviewing and approving the granting of incentive awards to our Chief Executive Officer and other executive officers, including reviewing and approving corporate goals and objectives relevant to the compensation of our Chief Executive Officer and other executive officers;
   
•
approving and exempting certain transactions regarding office holders’ compensation pursuant to the Companies Law;
   
•
administering the Company's compliance with the compensation recovery (clawback) policy required by applicable SEC and Nasdaq rules;
   
•
administering our equity-based compensation plans, including without limitation, approving the adoption of such plans, amending and interpreting such plans and the awards and agreements issued pursuant thereto, and making awards to eligible persons under the plans and determining the terms of such awards;
   
•
overseeing and periodically reviewing with management the Company's strategies, policies and practices with respect to human capital management and talent development; and
   
•
periodically evaluating the committee’s performance.

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Compensation Policy under the Companies Law
 
In general, under the Companies Law, a public company must have a compensation policy approved by the board of directors after receiving and considering the recommendations of the compensation committee. In addition, our compensation policy must be approved at least once every three years, first, by our board of directors, upon recommendation of our compensation committee, and second, by a simple majority of the ordinary shares present, in person or by proxy, and voting (excluding abstentions) at a general meeting of shareholders, provided that either: 
 
•
such majority includes at least a majority of the shares held by shareholders who are not controlling shareholders and shareholders who do not have a personal interest in such compensation policy; or 
   
•
the total number of shares of non-controlling shareholders and shareholders who do not have a personal interest in the compensation policy and who vote against the policy does not exceed two percent (2%) of the aggregate voting rights in the Company.

Under special circumstances, the board of directors may approve the compensation policy despite the objection of the shareholders on the condition that the compensation committee and then the board of directors decide, on the basis of detailed grounds and after discussing again the compensation policy, that approval of the compensation policy, despite the objection of shareholders, is for the benefit of the company.
 
If a company that initially offers its securities to the public, like us, adopts a compensation policy in advance of its initial public offering, and describes it in its prospectus for such offering, as we did, then such compensation policy shall be deemed a validly adopted policy in accordance with the Companies Law requirements described above. Furthermore, if the compensation policy is established in accordance with the aforementioned relief, then it will remain in effect for a term of five years from the date such company becomes a public company.

The compensation policy must be based on certain considerations, include certain provisions and reference certain matters as set forth in the Companies Law. The compensation policy must serve as the basis for decisions concerning the financial terms of employment or engagement of office holders, including exculpation, insurance, indemnification or any monetary payment or obligation of payment in respect of employment or engagement. The compensation policy must be determined and later reevaluated according to certain factors, including: the advancement of the company’s objectives, business plan and long-term strategy; the creation of appropriate incentives for office holders, while considering, among other things, the company’s risk management policy; the size and the nature of the company’s operations; and with respect to variable compensation, the contribution of the office holder towards the achievement of the company’s long-term goals and the maximization of its profits, all with a long-term objective and according to the position of the office holder. The compensation policy must furthermore consider the following additional factors:

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the education, skills, experience, expertise and accomplishments of the relevant office holder;
   
•
the office holder’s position and responsibilities;
   
•
prior compensation agreements with the office holder;
   
•
 
the ratio between the cost of the terms of employment of an office holder and the cost of the employment of other employees of the company, including employees employed through contractors who provide services to the company, in particular the ratio between such cost to the average and median salary of such employees of the company, as well as the impact of disparities between them on the work relationships in the company;
   
•
if the terms of employment include variable components - the possibility of reducing variable components at the discretion of the board of directors and the possibility of setting a limit on the value of non-cash variable equity-based components; and
   
•
if the terms of employment include severance compensation - the term of employment or office of the office holder, the terms of the office holder’s compensation during such period, the company’s performance during such period, the office holder’s individual contribution to the achievement of the company goals and the maximization of its profits and the circumstances under which they are leaving the company.

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The compensation policy must also include, among other things:
 
•
with regards to variable components:
   
•
 
with the exception of office holders who report to the chief executive officer, a means of determining the variable components on the basis of long-term performance and measurable criteria; provided that the company may determine that an immaterial part of the variable components of the compensation package of an office holder shall be awarded based on non-measurable criteria, or if such amount is not higher than three months’ salary per annum, taking into account such office holder’s contribution to the company;
   
•
the ratio between variable and fixed components, as well as the limit of the values of variable components at the time of their payment, or in the case of equity-based compensation, at the time of grant;
   
•
 
a condition under which the office holder will return to the company, according to conditions to be set forth in the compensation policy, any amounts paid as part of the office holder’s terms of employment, if such amounts were paid based on information later to be discovered to be wrong, and such information was restated in the company’s financial statements;
   
•
the minimum holding or vesting period of variable equity-based components to be set in the terms of office or employment, as applicable, while taking into consideration long-term incentives; and 
   
•
a limit to retirement grants.

Our compensation policy is designed to promote retention and motivation of directors and executive officers, incentivize superior individual excellence, align the interests of our directors and executive officers with our long-term performance and provide a risk management tool. To that end, a portion of our executive officer compensation package is targeted to reflect our short and long-term goals, as well as the executive officer’s individual performance. On the other hand, our compensation policy includes measures designed to reduce the executive officer’s incentives to take excessive risks that may harm us in the long-term, such as limits on the value of cash bonuses and equity-based compensation, limitations on the ratio between the variable and the total compensation of an executive officer and minimum vesting periods for equity-based compensation.
 
Our compensation policy also addresses our executive officers’ individual characteristics (such as their respective position, education, scope of responsibilities and contribution to the attainment of our goals) as the basis for compensation variation among our executive officers and considers the internal ratios between compensation of our executive officers and directors and other employees. Pursuant to our compensation policy, the compensation that may be granted to an executive officer may include: base salary, annual bonuses and other cash bonuses (such as a signing bonus and special bonuses with respect to any special achievements, such as outstanding personal achievement, outstanding personal effort or outstanding company performance), equity-based compensation, benefits and retirement and termination of service arrangements. All cash bonuses are limited to a maximum amount linked to the executive officer’s base salary.
 
An annual cash bonus may be awarded to executive officers upon the attainment of pre-set periodic objectives and individual targets. The annual cash bonus that may be granted to our executive officers other than our Chief Executive Officer will be based on performance objectives and a discretionary evaluation of the executive officer’s overall performance by our Chief Executive Officer and subject to minimum thresholds. The annual cash bonus that may be granted to executive officers other than our Chief Executive Officer may alternatively be based entirely on a discretionary evaluation. Furthermore, our Chief Executive Officer will be entitled to approve performance objectives for executive officers who report to him.
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The measurable performance objectives of our Chief Executive Officer will be determined annually by our compensation committee and board of directors. A non-material portion of the Chief Executive Officer’s annual cash bonus, as provided in our compensation policy, may be based on a discretionary evaluation of the Chief Executive Officer’s overall performance by the compensation committee and the board of directors.
 
The equity-based compensation under our compensation policy for our executive officers (including members of our board of directors) is designed in a manner consistent with the underlying objectives in determining the base salary and the annual cash bonus, with its main objectives being to enhance the alignment between the executive officers’ interests with our long-term interests and those of our shareholders and to strengthen the retention and the motivation of executive officers in the long term. Our compensation policy provides for executive officer compensation in the form of share options or other equity-based awards, such as restricted shares and restricted share units, in accordance with our equity incentive plan then in place. All equity-based incentives granted to executive officers shall be subject to vesting periods in order to promote long-term retention of the awarded executive officers. The equity-based compensation shall be granted from time to time and be individually determined and awarded according to the performance, educational background, prior business experience, qualifications, role and the personal responsibilities of the executive officer.

In addition, our compensation policy contains compensation recovery provisions which allow us under certain conditions to recover bonuses paid in excess, enable our Chief Executive Officer to approve an immaterial change in the terms of employment of an executive officer who reports directly him (provided that the changes of the terms of employment are in accordance with our compensation policy) and allow us to exculpate, indemnify and insure our executive officers and directors to the maximum extent permitted by Israeli law subject to certain limitations set forth therein.
 
Our compensation policy also provides for compensation to the members of our board of directors either (i) in accordance with the amounts provided in the Companies Regulations (Rules Regarding the Compensation and Expenses of an External Director) of 2000, as amended by the Companies Regulations (Relief for Public Companies Traded in Stock Exchange Outside of Israel) of 2000, as such regulations may be amended from time to time, or (ii) in accordance with the amounts determined in our compensation policy.
 
Our compensation policy was approved by our board of directors and shareholders and became effective immediately prior to the closing of our initial public offering and is filed as an exhibit to this Annual Report.

Following the SEC approval of Nasdaq’s proposed clawback listing standards, under Rule 10D-1, or the Clawback Listing Rules, which directed companies to adopt and comply with a written clawback policy, to disclose and file the policy as an exhibit to its Annual Report, we have adopted effective October 2, 2023, a clawback policy as contemplated pursuant to the Clawback Listing Rules, as filed as an exhibit to this Annual Report as Exhibit 97.1.

Nominating, Governance and Sustainability Committee
 
Our nominating, governance and sustainability committee consists of Iris Epple-Righi, Anna Bakst and Gen Tsuchikawa. Iris Epple-Righi serves as chairperson of the committee. Our board of directors has adopted a nominating, governance and sustainability committee charter setting forth the responsibilities of the committee, which include:
 
•
overseeing and assisting our board in reviewing and recommending nominees for election as directors, including reviewing the board leadership structure to assess whether it is appropriate given the specific characteristics and circumstances of the Company;
   
•
review the Board leadership structure to assess whether it is appropriate given the specific characteristics and circumstances of the Company and recommend any proposed changes to the board.
   
•
assisting our board in its oversight relating to corporate responsibility and environmental, social and governance matters;
   
•
overseeing periodic assessments of the performance of the members of our board and its committees; and
   
•
establishing and maintaining effective corporate governance policies and practices, including, but not limited to, developing and recommending to our board a set of corporate governance guidelines applicable to our business.
   
•
periodically review, and provide oversight with respect to, the Company’s strategy, initiatives and policies concerning environmental and social matters of significance to the Company (with the Company’s compensation committee having primary responsibility for matters relating to human capital management and the audit committee having primary responsibility for matters related to the incorporation of sustainability matters into the Company's risk management and assessment process, which the committee may discuss with the compensation committee and the audit committee, as appropriate) and may make recommendations to the board regarding environmental and social matters

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Code of Conduct
 
Our board of directors has adopted a written code of conduct that applies to our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions. A current copy of the code is posted on the investor section of our website.

Internal Auditor
 
Under the Companies Law, the board of directors of a public company must appoint an internal auditor based on the recommendation of the audit committee. The role of the internal auditor is, among other things, to examine whether a company’s actions comply with applicable law and orderly business procedure. Under the Companies Law, the internal auditor cannot be an interested party or an office holder or a relative of an interested party or an office holder, nor may the internal auditor be the company’s independent auditor or its representative. An “interested party” is defined in the Companies Law as (i) a holder of 5% or more of the issued share capital or voting power in a company, (ii) any person or entity who has the right to designate one or more directors or to designate the chief executive officer of the company or (iii) any person who serves as a director or as chief executive officer of the company. As of December 31, 2023 and since July 27, 2021, Ms. Sharon Cohen, CPA from Brightman Almagor Zohar & Co., a firm in the Deloitte Global Network, is acting as our internal auditor.
 
Approval of Related Party Transactions under Israeli Law

Fiduciary Duties of Directors and Executive Officers
 
The Companies Law codifies the fiduciary duties that office holders owe to a company. An office holder is defined in the Companies Law as a general manager, chief business manager, deputy general manager, vice general manager, any other person assuming the responsibilities of any of these positions regardless of such person’s title, a director and any other manager directly subordinate to the general manager. Each person listed in the table under “Directors and Senior Management” is an office holder under the Companies Law.
 
An office holder’s fiduciary duties consist of a duty of care and a duty of loyalty. The duty of care requires an office holder to act with the level of care with which a reasonable office holder in the same position would have acted under the same circumstances. The duty of care includes, among other things, a duty to use reasonable means, in light of the circumstances, to obtain: 

•
information on the business advisability of a given action brought for his, her or its approval or performed by virtue of his, her or its position; and
   
•
all other important information pertaining to such action.

104
The duty of loyalty requires that an office holder act in good faith and in the best interests of the company, and includes, among other things, the duty to: 
 
•
refrain from any act involving a conflict of interest between the performance of his, her or its duties in the company and his, her or its other duties or personal affairs; 
   
•
refrain from any activity that is competitive with the business of the company;
   
•
refrain from exploiting any business opportunity of the company for the purpose of gaining a personal advantage for himself, herself or itself or others; and 
   
•
disclose to the company any information or documents relating to the company’s affairs which the office holder received as a result of his, her or its position as an office holder.

Under the Companies Law, a company may approve an act specified above which would otherwise constitute a breach of the office holder’s fiduciary duty, provided that the office holder acted in good faith, neither the act nor its approval harms the company and the office holder discloses his, her or its personal interest a sufficient time before the approval of such act. Any such approval is subject to the terms of the Companies Law setting forth, among other things, the appropriate bodies of the company required to provide such approval and the methods of obtaining such approval.

Disclosure of Personal Interests of an Office Holder and Approval of Certain Transactions.
 
The Companies Law requires that an office holder promptly disclose to the board of directors any personal interest that such office holder may have and all related material information known to such office holder concerning any existing or proposed transaction with the company. A personal interest includes an interest of any person in an act or transaction of a company, including a personal interest of one’s relative or of a corporate body in which such person or a relative of such person is a 5% or greater shareholder, director or general manager or in which such person has the right to appoint at least one director or the general manager, but excluding a personal interest stemming solely from one’s ownership of shares in the company. A personal interest includes the personal interest of a person for whom the office holder holds a voting proxy or the personal interest of the office holder with respect to the officer holder’s vote on behalf of a person for whom they hold a proxy even if such shareholder has no personal interest in the matter.

If it is determined that an office holder has a personal interest in a non-extraordinary transaction, meaning any transaction that is in the ordinary course of business, on market terms or that is not likely to have a material impact on the company’s profitability, assets or liabilities, approval by the board of directors is required for the transaction unless the company’s articles of association provide for a different method of approval. Any such transaction that is adverse to the company’s interests may not be approved by the board of directors.

Approval first by the company’s audit committee and subsequently by the board of directors is required for an extraordinary transaction (meaning any transaction that is not in the ordinary course of business, not on market terms or that is likely to have a material impact on the company’s profitability, assets or liabilities) in which an office holder has a personal interest.
 
A director and any other office holder who has a personal interest in a transaction which is considered at a meeting of the board of directors or the audit committee may generally (unless it is with respect to a transaction which is not an extraordinary transaction) not be present at such a meeting or vote on that matter unless a majority of the directors or members of the audit committee, as applicable, have a personal interest in the matter. If a majority of the members of the audit committee or the board of directors have a personal interest in the matter, then all of the directors may participate in deliberations of the audit committee or board of directors, as applicable, with respect to such transaction and vote on the approval thereof and, in such case, shareholder approval is also required.
105
 
Certain disclosure and approval requirements apply under Israeli law to certain transactions with controlling shareholders, certain transactions in which a controlling shareholder has a personal interest and certain arrangements regarding the terms of service or employment of a controlling shareholder. For these purposes, a controlling shareholder is any shareholder that has the ability to direct the company’s actions, including any shareholder holding 25% or more of the voting rights if no other shareholder owns more than 50% of the voting rights in the company. Two or more shareholders with a personal interest in the approval of the same transaction are deemed to be one shareholder.
 
For a description of the approvals required under Israeli law for compensation arrangements of officers and directors, see “Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers.”
 
Shareholder Duties
 
Pursuant to the Companies Law, a shareholder has a duty to act in good faith and in a customary manner toward the company and other shareholders and to refrain from abusing his or her power with respect to the company, including, among other things, in voting at a general meeting and at shareholder class meetings with respect to the following matters:

•
an amendment to the company’s articles of association; 
   
•
an increase of the company’s authorized share capital; 
   
•
a merger; or 
   
•
interested party transactions that require shareholder approval.

In addition, a shareholder has a general duty to refrain from discriminating against other shareholders.
 
Certain shareholders also have a duty of fairness toward the company. These shareholders include any controlling shareholder, any shareholder who knows that it has the power to determine the outcome of a shareholder vote and any shareholder who has the power to appoint or to prevent the appointment of an office holder of the company or exercise any other rights available to it under the company’s articles of association with respect to the company. The Companies Law does not define the substance of this duty of fairness, except to state that the remedies generally available upon a breach of contract will also apply in the event of a breach of the duty of fairness.
  
Exculpation, Insurance and Indemnification of Office Holders
 
Under the Companies Law, a company may not exculpate an office holder from liability for a breach of the duty of loyalty. An Israeli company may exculpate an office holder in advance from liability, in whole or in part, for damages caused as a result of a breach of duty of care but only if a provision authorizing such exculpation is included in its articles of association. Our amended and restated articles of association include such a provision. An Israeli company may not exculpate a director from liability arising out of a prohibited dividend or distribution to shareholders.
 
An Israeli company may indemnify an office holder in respect of the following liabilities and expenses incurred for acts performed as an office holder, either in advance of an event or following an event, provided a provision authorizing such indemnification is contained in its articles of association: 
 
•
 
a financial liability imposed on him or her in favor of another person pursuant to a judgment, including a settlement or arbitrator’s award approved by a court. However, if an undertaking to indemnify an office holder with respect to such liability is provided in advance, then such an undertaking must be limited to events which, in the opinion of the board of directors, can be foreseen based on the company’s activities when the undertaking to indemnify is given, and to an amount or according to criteria determined by the board of directors as reasonable under the circumstances, and such undertaking shall detail the abovementioned events and amount or criteria;

106
•
 
reasonable litigation expenses, including legal fees, incurred by the office holder (1) as a result of an investigation or proceeding instituted against him or her by an authority authorized to conduct such investigation or proceeding, provided that (i) no indictment was filed against such office holder as a result of such investigation or proceeding; and (ii) no financial liability, such as a criminal penalty, was imposed upon him or her as a substitute for the criminal proceeding as a result of such investigation or proceeding or, if such financial liability was imposed, it was imposed with respect to an offense that does not require proof of criminal intent; and (2) in connection with a monetary sanction; 
   
•
 
reasonable litigation expenses, including legal fees, incurred by the office holder or imposed by a court in proceedings instituted against him or her by the company, on its behalf or by a third-party or in connection with criminal proceedings in which the office holder was acquitted or as a result of a conviction for an offense that does not require proof of criminal intent; and 
   
•
 
expenses, including reasonable litigation expenses and legal fees, incurred by an office holder in relation to an administrative proceeding instituted against such office holder, or certain compensation payments made to an injured party imposed on an office holder by an administrative proceeding, pursuant to certain provisions of the Israeli Securities Law, 1968 (the “Israeli Securities Law”).

An Israeli company may insure an office holder against the following liabilities incurred for acts performed as an office holder if and to the extent provided in the company’s articles of association: 
 
•
a breach of the duty of loyalty to the company, to the extent that the office holder acted in good faith and had a reasonable basis to believe that the act would not prejudice the company; 
   
•
a breach of the duty of care to the company or to a third-party, including a breach arising out of the negligent conduct of the office holder; 
   
•
a financial liability imposed on the office holder in favor of a third-party; 
   
•
a financial liability imposed on the office holder in favor of a third-party harmed by a breach in an administrative proceeding; and 
   
•
expenses, including reasonable litigation expenses and legal fees, incurred by the office holder as a result of an administrative proceeding instituted against him or her, pursuant to certain provisions of the Israeli Securities Law. 

An Israeli company may not indemnify or insure an office holder against any of the following: 

•
a breach of the duty of loyalty, except to the extent that the office holder acted in good faith and had a reasonable basis to believe that the act would not prejudice the company; 
   
•
a breach of the duty of care committed intentionally or recklessly, excluding a breach arising out of the negligent conduct of the office holder; 
   
•
an act or omission committed with intent to derive illegal personal benefit; or 
   
•
a fine, monetary sanction or forfeit levied against the office holder.

Under the Companies Law, exculpation, indemnification and insurance of office holders must be approved by the compensation committee and the board of directors (and, with respect to directors and the chief executive officer, by the shareholders). However, under regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, the insurance of office holders does not require shareholder approval and may be approved by only the compensation committee, if the engagement terms are determined in accordance with the company’s compensation policy, which was approved by the shareholders by the same special majority required to approve a compensation policy, provided that the insurance policy is on market terms and the insurance policy is not likely to materially impact the company’s profitability, assets or obligations.
 
Our amended and restated articles of association allow us to exculpate, indemnify and insure our office holders for any liability imposed on them as a consequence of an act (including any omission) which was performed by virtue of being an office holder. Our office holders are currently covered by a directors and officers’ liability insurance policy.
107
 
We have entered into agreements with each of our directors and executive officers exculpating them in advance, to the fullest extent permitted by law, from liability to us for damages caused to us as a result of a breach of duty of care, and undertaking to indemnify them to the fullest extent permitted by law. This indemnification is limited to events determined as foreseeable by the board of directors based on our activities, and to an amount or according to criteria determined by the board of directors as reasonable under the circumstances.
 
The maximum indemnification amount set forth in such agreements is limited to an amount equal to the higher of $250,000,000, 25% of our total shareholders’ equity as reflected in our most recent consolidated financial statements prior to the date on which the indemnity payment is made, and 10% of our total market cap calculated based on the average closing prices of our ordinary shares over the 30 trading days prior to the actual payment, multiplied by the total number of our issued and outstanding shares as of the date of the payment (other than indemnification for an offering of securities to the public, including by a shareholder in a secondary offering, in which case the maximum indemnification amount is limited to the gross proceeds raised by us and/or any selling shareholder in such public offering). The maximum amount set forth in such agreements is in addition to any amount paid (if paid) under insurance and/or by a third-party pursuant to an indemnification arrangement.
 
In the opinion of the SEC, indemnification of directors and office holders for liabilities arising under the Securities Act, however, is against public policy and therefore unenforceable.
 
There is no pending litigation or proceeding against any of our office holders as to which indemnification is being sought, nor are we aware of any pending or threatened litigation that may result in claims for indemnification by any office holder.
  
D.
    Employees

As of December 31, 2023, we had 923 employees worldwide, including 533 in research and development. Of our employees, 448 are in Israel and 475 are in our international locations. None of our employees is represented by a labor organization or is a party to a collective bargaining arrangement or expansion orders of such arrangements, with the exception of a small number of employees in France, Spain, Australia and Israel who are covered by mandatory industry-wide collective bargaining agreements in accordance with local law.
 
In regard to our employees generally, applicable labor and employment laws may govern the length of the workday, minimum wages for employees, procedures for hiring and dismissing employees, determination of severance pay, annual leave, sick days, convalescence, advance notice of termination of employment, equal opportunity and anti-discrimination laws and other terms and conditions of employment, as applicable.

Subject to certain exceptions, Israeli law generally requires severance pay upon the retirement, death or dismissal of an employee, without due cause, and requires us and our employees to make payments to the National Insurance Institute, which is similar to the U.S. Social Security Administration. Pursuant to Section 14 of the Israeli Severance Pay Law, 5723-1963 (“Section 14”), our executive officers and key employees in Israel are entitled to monthly deposits, at a rate of 8.33% of their monthly salary, made in their name with insurance companies. Payments under Section 14 relieve us from any of the aforementioned future severance payment obligations with respect to those employees and, as such, we may only utilize the insurance policies for the purpose of disbursement of severance pay. As a result, we do not recognize an asset nor liability for these employees.
108
 
Extension orders issued by the Israeli Ministry of Economy and Industry apply to us and affect matters such as cost of living adjustments to salaries, length of working hours and week, recuperation pay, travel expenses and pension rights.
 
We have never experienced labor-related work stoppages or strikes and believe that our relations with our employees are satisfactory.

E.
    Share Ownership

  For information regarding the share ownership of directors and officers, see. “Major Shareholders” in Item 7.A below. For information as to our equity incentive plans, see “Share Incentive Plans.” in Item 6.B above.
 
F.
    Disclosure of a Registrant’s Action to Recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation

             None.

Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions
 
A.
    Major Shareholders

The following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares as of March 20, 2024 by:
 
•
each person or group of affiliated persons known by us to own beneficially more than 5% of our outstanding ordinary shares;
   
•
each of our directors and executive officers individually; and
   
•
all of our executive officers and directors as a group.

The beneficial ownership of ordinary shares is determined in accordance with the SEC rules and generally includes any ordinary shares over which a person exercises sole or shared voting or investment power.
 
For purposes of the table below, we deem ordinary shares subject to options, RSUs or warrants that are exercisable (or settled, as the case may be) within 60 days of March 20, 2024 to be outstanding and to be beneficially owned by the person holding the options, RSUs or warrants for the purposes of computing the ownership and percentage ownership of that person but we do not treat them as outstanding for the purpose of computing the ownership or percentage ownership of any other person, except with respect to the ownership and percentage ownership of all executive officers and directors as a group. The percentage of shares beneficially owned is based on 166,307,077 ordinary shares outstanding as of March 20, 2024. Unless otherwise noted below, the address of each shareholder listed below is 9 HaPsagot Street, Petah Tikva 4951041, Israel.

A description of any material relationship that our principal shareholders have had with us or any of our affiliates within the past three years is included under “Related Party Transactions”.
109

 
  
Number of Ordinary Shares
  
Name of Beneficial Owner
  
Amount and Nature of
Beneficial Ownership
    
Percentage of
Outstanding
shares
    
Percentage of
Voting Power
  
   
Principal Shareholders
                  
Deutsche Post Beteiligungen Holding GmbH(1)
    
20,006,696
      
12.03
%
    
12.03
%
Shopify Inc. and its affiliate (2)
    
21,858,282
      
13.14
%
    
13.14
%
Morgan Stanley and its affiliate (3) 
    
16,662,763
      
10.02
%
    
10.02
%
Abdiel Qualified Master Fund, LP and its affiliates (4)
    
11,243,934
      
6.76
%
    
6.76
%
Dragoneer Investment Group, LLC (5) 
    
12,437,103
      
7.48
%
    
7.48
%
Directors, Director Nominees and Executive Officers
                        
Amir Schlachet (6)
    
5,623,392
      
3.38
%
    
3.38
%
Shahar Tamari (7)
    
5,622,850
      
3.38
%
    
3.38
%
Nir Debbi (8)
    
5,898,700
      
3.55
%
    
3.55
%
Ofer Koren (9)
    
566,250
      
*

   
*
Ran Fridman (10)
    
39,573
      
*

   
*
Yehiam Shinder (11)
    
9,920
      
*

   
*
Miguel Angel Parra (12)
                      
Tzvia Broida (13)
    
6,439
     
*
      
*
Anna J. Bakst (14)
    
16,354
      
*
   
*
Iris Epple-Righi (15)
    
16,354
      
*
    *
Gen Tsuchikawa
                        
All executive officers and directors as a group (11 persons)
    
17,799,832
     
10.70
%
    
10.70
%
 
*
Indicates ownership of less than 1.0%.
 
 
(1)
 
This information is based on a Schedule 13G/A filed with the SEC on February 2, 2024. Represents 20,006,696 ordinary shares held by Deutsche Post Beteiligungen Holding GmbH, a direct wholly owned subsidiary of Deutsche Post AG and which is affiliated with DHL International GmbH. The address for the Deutsche Post Beteiligungen Holding GmbH is Charles-de-Gaulle-Straße 20, 53113 Bonn. Federal Republic of Germany.
(2)
 
This information is based on a Schedule 13G/A filed with the SEC on February 13, 2024 and information made available to the Company by Shopify. Both Shopify Inc. and Shopify International Limited may be deemed to beneficially own all of the reported ordinary shares consisting of: (i) 21,612,255 ordinary shares directly held by it and (ii) warrants issuable and exercisable for an additional 246,027 Ordinary Shares that have vested in March 2024. Shopify Inc. has undertaken, on behalf of itself and its affiliates, to not cast any votes with respect to Ordinary Shares which provide Shopify Inc. with voting power in excess of 9.7% of the Company’s issued and outstanding equity. The principal business address of Shopify Inc. is 151 O’Connor Street, Ground Floor, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2P 2L8.The principal business address of Shopify International Limited is 2nd Floor Victoria Buildings 1-2 Haddington Road, Dublin 4, D04 XN32, Ireland.

110
(3)
 
This information is based on a Schedule 13G/A filed with the SEC on March 7, 2024. Morgan Stanley has shared voting power over 15,598,951 ordinary shares and shared dipositive power over 16,662,763  ordinary shares and Morgan Stanley Investment Management Inc. has shared voting power over 15,513,391 ordinary shares and a shared dipositive power over 16,563,956  ordinary shares. The securities being reported by Morgan Stanley as a parent holding company are owned, or may be deemed to be beneficially owned, by Morgan Stanley Investment Management Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Morgan Stanley. The address of Morgan Stanley and of Morgan Stanley Investment Management Inc. is 1585 Broadway New York, NY 10036.
(4)
 
This information is based on a Schedule 13G/A filed with the SEC on February 14, 2024. Abdiel Qualified Master Fund, LP may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of 10,845,594 ordinary shares. Abdiel Capital, LP, may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of 386,840 ordinary shares, Abdiel Partners, LLC may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of 11,500 ordinary shares, Abdiel Capital Management, LLC, Abdiel Capital Advisors, LP and Colin T. Moran may be deemed to be the beneficial owners of all reported shares. Abdiel Capital Management, LLC and Abdiel Capital Advisors, LP serve as the general partner and the investment manager, respectively, of Abdiel Qualified Master Fund, LP and Abdiel Capital, LP. Abdiel Capital Advisors, LP also serves as the investment manager of Abdiel Partners, LLC. Colin T. Moran serves as managing member of Abdiel Capital Management, LLC and Abdiel Capital Partners, LLC, which serves as the general partner of Abdiel Capital Advisors, LP. and the managing member of Abdiel Partners, LLC. Each of the reporting persons disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares reported herein except to the extent of its or his pecuniary interest therein. The address for the reporting persons is 90 Park Avenue, 29th Floor, New York, NY 10016. 
(5)
This information is based on a Schedule 13G/A filed with the SEC on February 14, 2024. Dragoneer Investment Group, LLC (the “Dragoneer Adviser”) is a registered investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended. As the managing member of Dragoneer Adviser, Cardinal DIG CC, LLC may also be deemed to share voting and dispositive power with respect to the Ordinary Shares. Marc Stad is the sole member of Cardinal DIG CC, LLC. By virtue of these relationships, each of these reporting persons may be deemed to share beneficial ownership of all of the reported ordinary shares. The address for the reporting persons is One Letterman Dr., Bldg D, Ste M500, San Francisco, CA 94129.
(6)
Includes 3,992,472 ordinary shares that Mr. Schlachet holds directly, 144,120 restricted share units that will be settled within 60 days of March 20, 2024, and 1,486,800 ordinary shares underlying options that were fully vested as at March 20, 2024.
(7)
Includes 3,991,930 ordinary shares that Mr. Tamari holds directly, 144,120 restricted share units that will be settled within 60 days of March 20, 2024, and 1,486,800 ordinary shares underlying options that were fully vested as at March 20, 2024.
(8)
Includes 4,267,780 ordinary shares that Mr. Debbi holds directly, 144,120 restricted share units that will be settled within 60 days of March 20, 2024, and 1,486,800 ordinary shares underlying options that were fully vested as at March 20, 2024.
(9)
Includes 566,250 ordinary shares underlying options that will be exercisable within 60 days of March 20, 2024. 
(10)
Includes 39,573 restricted share units that will be exercisable within 60 days of March 20, 2024. 
(11)
Includes 9,920 restricted share units that will be exercisable within 60 days of March 20, 2024.
(12)
Mr. Parra holds no shares directly. Mr. Parra serves as the Chief Executive Officer of DHL Express Europe which is affiliated with Deutsche Post Beteiligungen Holding GmbH. 
(13)
Includes 6,439 restricted share units that will become exercisable within 60 days of March 20, 2024.
(14)
Includes 16,354 restricted share units that will become exercisable within 60 days of March 20, 2024.
(15)
Includes 16,354 restricted share units that will become exercisable within 60 days of March 20, 2024.

Significant Changes in Ownership
 
To our knowledge, other than as disclosed in the table above, our other filings with the SEC and this Annual Report, there has been no significant change in the percentage ownership held by any major shareholder during the past three years.
111
 
Voting Rights
 
No major shareholders listed above had or have voting rights with respect to their ordinary shares that are different from the voting rights of other holders of our ordinary shares. See “Voting Rights” in I Exhibit 2.2 attached to this Annual Report.
  
Change in Control Arrangements
 
We are not aware of any arrangement that may at a subsequent date, result in a change of control of the Company.

Registered Holders
 
Based on a review of the information provided to us by our transfer agent, as of March 20, 2024, there were 29 registered holders of our ordinary shares, including Cede & Co., the nominee of The Depository Trust Company, 18 of which are United States registered holders, holding approximately 79% of our outstanding ordinary shares. The number of record holders in the United States is not representative of the number of beneficial holders nor is it representative of where such beneficial holders are resident since many of these ordinary shares were held by brokers or other nominees.

B.
    Related Party Transactions

Our policy is to enter into transactions with related parties on terms that, on the whole, are no more or less favorable than those available from unaffiliated third parties. Based on our experience in the business sectors in which we operate and the terms of our transactions with unaffiliated third parties, we believe that all of the transactions described below met this policy standard at the time they occurred.

The following is a description of related-party transactions we have entered into since January 1, 2021 with any of the members of the board of directors, executive officers or holders of more than 5% of any class of our voting securities at the time of such transaction.

Agreements with Directors and Officers
 
Employment Agreements. We have entered into written employment agreements with each of our executive officers. See “Employment and Consulting Agreements with Executive Officers” in Item 6.B above.
 
Equity Awards. Since our inception, we have granted to our executive officers and certain of our directors restricted share units and options to purchase our ordinary shares. Such award agreements may contain acceleration provisions upon certain transactions. See “Share Incentive Plans” in Item 6.B above.
 
Exculpation, Indemnification and Insurance. Our amended and restated articles of association permit us to exculpate, indemnify and insure certain of our office holders to the fullest extent permitted by the Companies Law. We have entered into agreements with each of our directors and executive officers, exculpating them in advance from a breach of their duty of care to the fullest extent permitted by law and undertaking to indemnify them to the fullest extent permitted by law, subject to certain exceptions. See “Exculpation, Insurance and Indemnification of Office Holders.”
112
 
Underwriting Agreement for September Secondary Follow-On Offering

We entered into an underwriting agreement, dated September 9, 2021, with certain selling shareholders named therein, or the Selling Shareholders, and Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC, Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, and Jefferies LLC, as representatives of the several underwriters named therein, for the underwritten secondary follow-on offering, by the underwriters, of 12,000,000 of our ordinary shares held by the Selling Shareholders, plus an additional 1,800,000 ordinary shares pursuant to a 30-day option granted to the underwriters by the Selling Shareholders that was exercised in full. We did not receive any proceeds from the sale of our ordinary shares by the Selling Shareholders. We and the Selling Shareholders have agreed to indemnify the underwriters against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act.
 
DHL Service Agreement and Commercial Letter
 
We are party to a Commercial Letter with DHL International GmbH (“DHL International”), dated March 27, 2017 as amended on December 7, 2020, pursuant to which we use DHL International exclusively for the provision of express shipping services to our merchants, subject to certain exclusions described therein, and DHL International has undertaken certain commitments relating to the prices under which its services are offered to us.
 
In addition, we are party to a services agreement with DHL International (UK) Limited (“DHL UK”), dated May 21, 2019, under which DHL UK provides us with express shipping services relating to the purchase and sale of our merchants’ products. The service agreement continues until terminated by either us or DHL UK in accordance with its terms. The consideration paid by us to DHL UK pursuant to the service agreement is contingent upon the extent of the shipping services provided. We have entered similar arrangements with other DHL affiliated entities in the Netherlands, the United States, France and Spain. On November 17, 2022, we extended this agreement with DHL UK to be in effect until 2025.
 
See Note 13 to our audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report.
 
2021 Shopify Agreement
 
We are party to the 2021 Shopify Agreement with Shopify, dated April 12, 2021, pursuant to which we are an exclusive third-party provider of an end-to-end cross-border solution that includes localization, merchant of record, duty and tax calculation and remittance, and shipping services for merchants in a single solution with permissions to access and integrate into the Shopify platform checkout. Shopify however will be entitled to offer its own native, white-label, or branded partnership merchant of record solution to any merchants without limitation. We will pay Shopify a fee equal to a percentage of the GMV for all transactions processed through our platform for applicable Shopify merchants. Although payment of such fee may initially negatively impact margins, we believe that our expanded partnership will afford us an enhanced market position, enabling us to increase GMV, and positions us to realize efficiencies in winning and onboarding Shopify merchants as a result of our permissions to access and exclusively integrate into the Shopify platform checkout.

The agreement has an initial three-year term ending in April 2024, which automatically renews for additional and successive one-year terms unless either party provides the other party with written notice of election to terminate the agreement at least 180 days prior to the end of any such term. The parties did not provide prior notice of termination and accordingly the agreement will automatically be renewed for an additional one year term until April 2025. Either party may immediately terminate the agreement without cause by providing at least 180 days’ prior written notice to the other party. In addition, upon the occurrence of certain events, either party may terminate the agreement immediately upon notice to the other party.
  
See Note 7 to our audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report.
113

Warrant Agreement
 
On April 12, 2021, we entered into a warrant agreement (the “Original Shopify Warrant”) with Shopify pursuant to which we issued warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 19,604,239 of our ordinary shares at a price of $0.01 per share expiring upon the earlier of April 12, 2031 and immediately prior to consummation of a merger or acquisition. All of the shares issuable under the Original Shopify Warrant are vested and exercisable. On April 21, 2021, we issued Shopify a replacement warrant (the “Shopify First Replacement Warrant”) to purchase up to an aggregate of 11,853,726 ordinary shares at a price of $0.01 per share on substantially similar terms as the Original Shopify Warrant. On July 14, 2021, we issued Shopify a replacement warrant (the “Shopify Second Replacement Warrant”) to purchase up to an aggregate of 10,865,916 ordinary shares at a price of $0.01 per share on substantially similar terms as the Shopify First Replacement Warrant. As of March 20, 2024, Shopify has exercised 19,604,239 ordinary shares at an exercise price of $0.01 per share.
 
The ordinary shares issuable to Shopify upon exercise of the foregoing are entitled to certain registration rights under the Investors’ Rights Agreement as described in greater detail below in the section titled “Registration Rights” in Item 7.B below.
 
2022 Shopify Agreement
  
Concurrently with the acquisition of Flow, we agreed to expand our existing partnership with Shopify and entered into the 2022 Shopify Agreement. Pursuant to the 2022 Shopify Agreement, Flow or its affiliate, are the exclusive provider of certain natively integrated cross-border solutions for Shopify’s merchants, including the ability for the merchants to sell their goods to Flow for sale to global customers on a one-to-one basis. The extended partnership between the parties is intended to enhance the offering to select Shopify merchants, among other things, catering for small and emerging brands and expand the capabilities and customer base in the segment.

The 2022 Shopify Agreement has an initial three-year term, which automatically renews for additional and successive one-year terms unless either party provides the other party with written notice of election to terminate the agreement at least 180 days prior to the end of any such term. Either party may immediately terminate the agreement during the 12-month period commencing with the effective date, without cause by providing at least 180 days’ prior written notice to the other party. In addition, upon the occurrence of certain events, either party may terminate the agreement immediately upon notice to the other party.
 
In connection with the execution of the 2022 Shopify Agreement, we issued to Shopify warrants (the “2022 Shopify Warrants”) to purchase (A) up to an aggregate of 1,289,064 of our ordinary shares for a purchase price of $0.01 per share which vested on the date of the 2022 Shopify Agreement (and were exercised in full on February 2, 2022), and (B) up to an aggregate of 738,081 of our ordinary shares for a purchase price of $0.01 per share which vest upon certain performance milestones, of which 246,027 constituting the first milestone have vested and subsequently exercised on January 16, 2023, and 246,027 constituting the second milestone have vested in March 2024.
 
Registration Rights
 
Our amended and restated investors’ rights agreement entitles certain of our shareholders to certain registration rights, as set forth below. In accordance with this agreement, and subject to conditions listed below, the following entities which as of the date of this Annual Report beneficially own more than 5% of our ordinary shares are entitled to registration rights: entities affiliated with each of DHL, Cross Ship S.à r.l and Shopify Inc.
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Form F-1 Demand Rights. The holders of at least 30% of the registrable securities then outstanding may request that we register all or a portion of their shares. Such request for registration must cover securities the aggregate offering price of which, after payment of the underwriting discount and commissions, would exceed $5,000,000. We will not be required to effect more than two registrations on Form F-1 that have been declared effective. The company has the right to defer such registration under certain circumstances.
 
Form F-3 Demand Rights. The holders of at least 30% of the registrable securities then outstanding can make a request that we register their shares on Form F-3 if we are qualified to file a registration statement on Form F-3 and if the offering price, after payment of the underwriting discount and commissions, would equal or exceed $5,000,000. The company has the right to defer such registration under certain circumstances.

Piggyback Registration Rights. In the event that we propose to register any of our securities under the Securities Act, either for our own account or for the account of other security holders, then certain holders of our ordinary shares will be entitled, subject to any lock-up restrictions imposed by the underwriters in connection with our initial public offering (whether such restrictions terminate by their terms or are waived by the underwriters), to certain piggyback registration rights with respect to such offering, allowing such holders to include their shares in such registration, subject to certain marketing and other limitations. As a result, whenever we propose to file a registration statement under the Securities Act, other than with respect to (i) a registration relating solely to the sale of securities to participants in a company stock plan, (ii) a registration relating to a corporate reorganization or other transaction listed in Rule 145 under the Securities Act and (iii) a registration on any form that does not include substantially the same information as would be required to be included in a registration statement covering the sale of the registrable securities, the holders of these shares are entitled to notice of the registration and have the right, subject to certain limitations, to include their shares in the registration.

Related Party Transactions Policies and Procedures
 
Our board of directors has adopted a written related party transaction policy setting forth the policies and procedures for the review and approval or ratification of related person transactions. This policy covers any transaction, arrangement or relationship, or any series of similar transactions, arrangements or relationships, in which we were or are to be a participant, where the related person had or will have a direct or indirect material interest, including, without limitation, purchases of goods or services by or from the related person or entities in which the related person has a material interest, indebtedness, guarantees of indebtedness and employment by us of a related person.
 
C.
   Interests of Experts and Counsel

            Not applicable.
 
Item 8. Financial Information
 
A.
    Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information

Consolidated Financial Statements
 
See Item 18. “Financial Statements.”

Legal and Arbitration Proceedings

From time to time, we may become involved in legal or regulatory proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are not currently a party to any material litigation or regulatory proceeding and we are not aware of any pending or threatened material litigation or regulatory proceeding against us that could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition or cash flows.
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Dividend Policy
 
We have never declared or paid any dividends on our ordinary shares. We do not anticipate paying any dividends in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, to finance operations and expand our business. Our board of directors has sole discretion whether to pay dividends. If our board of directors decides to pay dividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that our directors may deem relevant. The Companies Law imposes restrictions on our ability to declare and pay dividends. See “Dividend and Liquidation Rights” in Item 10.B below for additional information.
 
Payment of dividends may be subject to Israeli withholding taxes. See “Israeli Tax Considerations” in Item 10.E below for additional information.
 
B.
     Significant Changes

   None.

Item 9. The Offer and Listing

A.
     Offer and Listing Details

 Our ordinary shares commenced trading on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on May 11, 2021, under the symbol “GLBE”. Prior to this, no public market existed for our ordinary shares.

B.
     Plan of Distribution

Not applicable.

C.
     Markets 

See “-Offer and Listing Details” above.

D.
     Selling Shareholders

       Not applicable.
 
E.
     Dilution

Not applicable.
 
F.
     Expenses of the Issue

Not applicable.
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Item 10. Additional Information

A.
     Share Capital

Not applicable.
 
B.
     Memorandum and Articles of Association

A copy of our amended and restated articles of association is filed as Exhibit 1.1 to this Annual Report. The information called for by this Item is set forth in Exhibit 2.2 to this Annual Report.
 
C.
     Material Contracts

We have not entered into any material contracts within the two years prior to the date of this annual report, other than contracts entered into in the ordinary course of business, or as otherwise described herein in Item 4.A “History and Development of the Company”, Item 4.B “Business Overview”, Item 5.B “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects-Liquidity and Capital Resources”, Item 6.C “Board Practices” and Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions”.

D.
     Exchange Controls

There are currently no Israeli currency control restrictions on remittances of dividends on our ordinary shares, proceeds from the sale of the ordinary shares or interest or other payments to non-residents of Israel, except for shareholders who are subjects of countries that are, have been, or will be, in a state of war with Israel.
 
E.
    Taxation

The following description is not intended to constitute a complete analysis of all tax consequences relating to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares. You should consult your own tax advisor concerning the tax consequences of your particular situation, as well as any tax consequences that may arise under the laws of any state, local, foreign or other taxing jurisdiction.

Israeli Tax Considerations

The following is a brief summary of the material Israeli tax laws applicable to us. This section also contains a discussion of material Israeli tax consequences concerning the ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares purchased by investors. This summary does not discuss all the aspects of Israeli tax law that may be relevant to a particular investor in light of his or her personal investment circumstances or to some types of investors subject to special treatment under Israeli law. Examples of such investors include residents of Israel or traders in securities who are subject to special tax regimes not covered in this discussion. To the extent that the discussion is based on new tax legislation that has not yet been subject to judicial or administrative interpretation, we cannot assure you that the appropriate tax authorities or the courts will accept the views expressed in this discussion. The discussion below is subject to change, including due to amendments under Israeli law or changes to the applicable judicial or administrative interpretations of Israeli law, which change could affect the tax consequences described below. The discussion should not be construed as legal or professional tax advice and does not cover all possible tax considerations.

General Corporate Tax Structure in Israel

Israeli companies are generally subject to corporate tax on their taxable income. The current corporate tax rate is 23%. Capital gains derived by an Israeli company are generally subject to the prevailing corporate tax rate.
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Tax Benefits and Grants for Research and Development

Israeli tax law allows, under certain conditions, a tax deduction for expenditures, including capital expenditures, related to scientific research and development for the year in which they are incurred. Expenditures are deemed related to scientific research and development projects, if:
 
•
the expenditures are approved by the relevant Israeli government ministry, determined by the field of research;
 
•
the research and development must be for the promotion of the company; and
 
•
the research and development are carried out by or on behalf of the company seeking such tax deduction.

The amount of such deductible expenses is reduced by the sum of any funds received through government grants for the finance of such scientific research and development projects. Under these research and development deduction rules, no deduction is allowed for any expense invested in an asset depreciable under the general depreciation rules of the Israeli Income Tax Ordinance (New Version), 5721-1961, referred to as the Ordinance. Expenditures that do not qualify for this special deduction are deductible in equal amounts over three years.

From time to time we may apply to the Israel Innovation Authority (the “IIA”) for approval to allow a tax deduction for all research and development expenses during the year incurred. There can be no assurance that such request will be granted.

Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 1969

The Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 1969, and the regulations promulgated thereunder, generally referred to as the Industry Encouragement Law, provides several tax benefits for “Industry Companies.” We believe that we currently qualify as an Industrial Company within the meaning of the Industry Encouragement Law.

The Industry Encouragement Law defines an “Industrial Company” as an Israeli resident company incorporated in Israel, of which 90% or more of its income in a certain tax year, other than income from government loans, is derived from an “Industrial Enterprise” owned by it and located in Israel or in the “Area” in accordance with the definition under section 3A of the Ordinance. An “Industrial Enterprise” is defined as an enterprise which is held by an Industrial Company whose principal activity in a given tax year is industrial production activity.

The following corporate tax benefits, among others, are available to Industrial Companies:

Amortization of the cost of purchased patents and rights to use a patent or know-how that were purchased in good faith and are used for the development or advancement of the Industrial Enterprise, over an eight-year period, commencing on the year in which such rights were first exercised;
 
Under limited conditions, an election to file consolidated tax returns with related Israeli Industrial Companies; and

Expenses related to a public offering are deductible in equal amounts over a three-year period commencing on the year of the offering.

Eligibility for benefits under the Industry Encouragement Law is not contingent upon the approval of any governmental authority. The Israel Tax Authority may determine that we do not qualify as an Industrial Company, which could entail our loss of the benefits that relate to this status. There can be no assurance that we will continue to qualify as an Industrial Company or that the benefits described above will be available in the future.
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Taxation of Non-Israeli Resident Shareholders

Capital Gains Taxes

Israeli capital gains tax is imposed on the disposition of capital assets by a non-Israeli resident if those assets (i) are located in Israel, (ii) are shares or a right to shares in an Israeli resident corporation or (iii) represent, directly or indirectly, rights to assets located in Israel, unless a tax treaty between Israel and the seller’s country of residence provides otherwise. The Israeli tax law distinguishes between “Real Capital Gain” and “Inflationary Surplus.” Inflationary Surplus is a portion of the total capital gain which is equivalent to the increase in the relevant asset’s price that is attributable to the increase in the Israeli Consumer Price Index or, in certain circumstances, a foreign currency exchange rate, between the date of purchase and the date of disposition. Inflationary Surplus is currently not subject to tax in Israel. Real Capital Gain is the excess of the total capital gain over the Inflationary Surplus.

Generally, Real Capital Gain accrued by individuals on the sale of our ordinary shares will be taxed at the rate of 25%. However, if the individual shareholder claims deduction of interest and linkage differences expenses in connection with the purchase and holding of such shares or is a “Substantial Shareholder” at the time of sale or at any time during the preceding 12-month period, such gain will be taxed at the rate of 30%. A “Substantial Shareholder” is generally a person who alone or together with such person’s relative or another person who collaborates with such person on a permanent basis, holds, directly or indirectly, at least 10% of any of the “Means of Control” of the corporation. “Means of Control” generally include the right to vote, receive profits, nominate a director or an executive officer, receive assets upon liquidation, or order someone who holds any of the aforesaid rights how to act, regardless of the source of such right. Real Capital Gain derived by corporations will be generally subject to a corporate tax rate of 23% (in 2023).

Generally, a non-Israeli resident (whether an individual or a corporation) who derives capital gains from the sale of shares of an Israeli resident company that were purchased after the company was listed for trading on a stock exchange outside of Israel will be exempt from Israeli capital gains tax so long as the shares were not held through a permanent establishment that the non-Israeli resident maintains in Israel. However, non-Israeli corporations will not be entitled to the foregoing exemption if Israeli residents (i) have a controlling interest of more than 25% in any of the means of control of such non-Israeli corporation or (ii) are the beneficiaries of, or are entitled to, 25% or more of the revenues or profits of such non-Israeli corporation, whether directly or indirectly.

In addition, such exemption is not applicable to a person whose gains from selling or disposing the shares are deemed to be business income.

Additionally, a sale of securities by a non-Israeli resident may be exempt from Israeli capital gains tax under the provisions of an applicable tax treaty. For example, under the tax treaty between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the State of Israel with respect to Taxes on Income, as amended (the “United States-Israel Tax Treaty”), the sale, exchange or other disposition of shares by a shareholder who is a United States resident (for purposes of the United States-Israel Tax Treaty) holding the shares as a capital asset and is entitled to claim the benefits afforded to such a resident by the United States-Israel Tax Treaty (a “Treaty U.S. Resident”) is generally exempt from Israeli capital gains tax unless: (i) the capital gain arising from such sale, exchange or disposition is attributed to real estate located in Israel; (ii) the capital gain arising from such sale, exchange or disposition is attributed to royalties; (iii) the capital gain arising from the such sale, exchange or disposition is attributed to a permanent establishment in Israel, under certain terms; (iv) such Treaty U.S. Resident holds, directly or indirectly, shares representing 10% or more of the voting rights during any part of the 12-month period preceding the disposition, subject to certain conditions; or (v) such Treaty U.S. Resident is an individual and was present in Israel for a period or periods aggregating to 183 days or more during the relevant taxable year. In any such case, the sale, exchange or disposition of such shares would be subject to Israeli tax, to the extent applicable. However, under the United States-Israel Tax Treaty, a Treaty U.S. Resident may be permitted to claim a credit for the Israeli tax against the U.S. federal income tax imposed with respect to the sale, exchange or disposition of the shares, subject to the limitations under U.S. laws applicable to foreign tax credits. The United States-Israel Tax Treaty does not provide such credit against any U.S. state or local taxes.

In some instances where our shareholders may be liable for Israeli capital gains tax on the sale of our ordinary shares, the payment of the consideration for such sale may be subject to withholding of Israeli tax at source and holders of our ordinary shares may be required to demonstrate that they are exempt from tax on their capital gains in order to avoid withholding at source at the time of sale. Specifically, the Israel Tax Authority may require from shareholders who are not liable for Israeli capital gains tax on such a sale to sign declarations in forms specified by the Israel Tax Authority, provide documents (including, for example, a certificate of residency) or obtain a specific exemption from the Israel Tax Authority to confirm their status as non-Israeli residents (and, in the absence of such declarations or exemptions, the Israel Tax Authority may require the purchaser of the shares to withhold tax at source).
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Taxation on Receipt of Dividends.    

Non-Israeli residents (whether individuals or corporations) are generally subject to Israeli income tax on the receipt of dividends paid on our ordinary shares at the rate of 25%, which tax will be withheld at source, unless relief is provided in an applicable tax treaty between Israel and the shareholder’s country of residence (subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the Israel Tax Authority allowing for a reduced tax rate). However, if the shareholder who is a “Substantial Shareholder” at the time of receiving the dividend or at any time during the preceding 12-month period, the applicable tax rate will be 30%. Such dividends are generally subject to Israeli withholding tax at a rate of 25% so long as the shares are registered with a nominee company (whether the recipient is a substantial shareholder or not).

However, a reduced tax rate may be provided under an applicable tax treaty. For example, under the United States-Israel Tax Treaty, the maximum rate of tax withheld at source in Israel on dividends paid to a holder of our ordinary shares who is a Treaty U.S. Resident is 25%. However, generally, the maximum rate of withholding tax on dividends that are paid to a United States corporation holding 10% or more of the outstanding voting rights throughout the tax year in which the dividend is distributed as well as during the previous tax year, is 12.5%, provided that not more than 25% of our gross income for such preceding year consists of certain types of dividends and interest. The aforementioned rates will not apply if the dividend income was generated through a permanent establishment of the U.S. resident that is maintained in Israel.

U.S. residents who are subject to Israeli withholding tax on a dividend may be entitled to a credit or deduction for United States federal income tax purposes in the amount of the taxes withheld, subject to detailed rules contained in the Code.

A non-Israeli resident who receives dividends from which tax was withheld is generally exempt from the obligation to file tax returns in Israel with respect to such income, provided that (i) such income was not generated from business conducted in Israel by the taxpayer, (ii) the taxpayer has no other taxable sources of income in Israel with respect to which a tax return is required to be filed, and (iii) the taxpayer is not obligated to pay surtax (as further explained below).

Surtax.    

Individuals who are subject to income tax in Israel (whether any such individual is an Israeli resident or non-Israeli resident) are also subject to an additional tax at a rate of 3% on annual taxable income (including, but not limited to, income derived from dividends, interest and capital gains) exceeding NIS 698,280 for 2023, which amount is linked to the annual change in the Israeli consumer price index.

Estate and Gift Tax.   
 
Israeli law presently does not impose estate or gift taxes.
 
U.S. Federal Income Tax Consideration
 
The following summary describes certain United States federal income tax considerations generally applicable to United States Holders (as defined below) of our ordinary shares. This summary deals only with our ordinary shares held as capital assets within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (“Internal Revenue Code”). This summary also does not address the tax consequences that may be relevant to holders in special tax situations including, without limitation, dealers in securities, traders that elect to use a mark-to-market method of accounting, holders that own our ordinary shares as part of a “straddle,” “hedge,” “conversion transaction,” or other integrated investment, banks or other financial institutions, individual retirement accounts and other tax-deferred accounts, insurance companies, tax-exempt organizations, United States expatriates, holders whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar, holders subject to any alternative minimum tax, holders that acquired our ordinary shares in a compensatory transaction, holders which are entities or arrangements treated as partnerships for United States federal income tax purposes or holders that actually or constructively through attribution own 10% or more of the total voting power or value of our outstanding ordinary shares.
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This summary is based upon the Internal Revenue Code, applicable United States Treasury regulations, administrative pronouncements and judicial decisions, in each case as in effect on the date hereof, all of which are subject to change (possibly with retroactive effect). No ruling will be requested from the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) regarding the tax consequences described herein, and there can be no assurance that the IRS will agree with the discussion set out below. This summary does not address any United States federal tax consequences other than United States federal income tax consequences (such as the estate and gift tax or the Medicare tax on net investment income).

As used herein, the term “United States Holder” means a beneficial owner of our ordinary shares that is, for United States federal income tax purposes, (i) an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States, (ii) a corporation or other entity taxable as a corporation created or organized under the laws of the United States or any state thereof or therein or the District of Columbia, (iii) an estate the income of which is subject to United States federal income taxation regardless of its source, or (iv) a trust (a) that is subject to the supervision of a court within the United States and the control of one or more United States persons as described in Internal Revenue Code Section 7701(a)(30), or (b) that has a valid election in effect under applicable United States Treasury regulations to be treated as a “United States person.”
 
If an entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for United States federal income tax purposes acquires our ordinary shares, the tax treatment of a partner in the partnership generally will depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Such partner or partnership should consult its tax advisors regarding the United States federal income tax consequences of acquiring, owning, and disposing of our ordinary shares.
 
THE SUMMARY OF UNITED STATES FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES SET OUT BELOW IS FOR GENERAL INFORMATION ONLY. ALL PROSPECTIVE INVESTORS SHOULD CONSULT THEIR TAX ADVISORS AS TO THE PARTICULAR TAX CONSEQUENCES TO THEM OF OWNING AND DISPOSING OF OUR ORDINARY SHARES, INCLUDING THE APPLICABILITY AND EFFECT OF STATE, LOCAL AND NON-U.S. TAX LAWS AND POSSIBLE CHANGES IN TAX LAW.
 
Dividends
 
Although we do not anticipate paying any dividends in the foreseeable future, as described in “Item 8.A. “Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information-Dividend Policy” above, if we do make any distributions, subject to the discussion below under “-Passive Foreign Investment Company,” the amount of dividends paid to a United States Holder with respect to our ordinary shares before reduction for any Israeli taxes withheld therefrom generally will be included in the United States Holder’s gross income as ordinary income from foreign sources to the extent paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined for United States federal income tax purposes). Distributions in excess of earnings and profits will be treated as a non-taxable return of capital to the extent of the United States Holder’s tax basis in those ordinary shares and thereafter as capital gain. However, we do not intend to calculate our earnings and profits under United States federal income tax principles. Therefore, United States Holders should expect to treat a distribution as a dividend even if that distribution would otherwise be treated as a non-taxable return of capital or as capital gain under the rules described above.
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Foreign withholding tax (if any) paid on dividends on our ordinary shares at the rate applicable to a United States Holder (taking into account any applicable income tax treaty) will, subject to limitations and conditions, be treated as foreign income tax eligible for credit against such holder’s United States federal income tax liability or, at such holder’s election, eligible for deduction in computing such holder’s United States federal taxable income. Dividends paid on our ordinary shares generally will constitute “foreign source income” and “passive category income” for purposes of the foreign tax credit. However, if we are a “United States-owned foreign corporation,” solely for foreign tax credit purposes, a portion of the dividends allocable to our United States source earnings and profits may be re-characterized as United States source. A “United States-owned foreign corporation” is any foreign corporation in which United States persons own, directly or indirectly, 50% or more (by vote or by value) of the stock. In general, United States-owned foreign corporations with less than 10% of earnings and profits attributable to sources within the United States are excepted from these rules. If we are treated as a “United States-owned foreign corporation,” and if 10% or more of our earnings and profits are attributable to sources within the United States, a portion of the dividends paid on the ordinary shares allocable to our United States source earnings and profits will be treated as United States source, and, as such, the ability of a United States Holder to claim a foreign tax credit for any Israeli withholding taxes payable in respect of our dividends may be limited. Pursuant to applicable United States Treasury regulations, however, if a United States Holder is not eligible for the benefits of an applicable income tax treaty or does not elect to apply such treaty, then such holder may not be able to claim a foreign tax credit arising from any foreign tax imposed on a distribution on our ordinary shares, depending on the nature of such foreign tax, although the IRS has provided temporary relief from the application of certain aspects of these regulations until new guidance or regulations are issued. The rules governing the treatment of foreign taxes imposed on a United States Holder and foreign tax credits are complex, and United States Holders should consult their tax advisors about the impact of these rules in their particular situations, including their eligibility for benefits under an applicable income tax treaty and the potential impact of the applicable United States Treasury regulations and the temporary IRS relief.

Dividends received by certain non-corporate United States Holders (including individuals) may be “qualified dividend income,” which is taxed at the lower capital gain rate, provided that (i) either our ordinary shares are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States or we are eligible for benefits under a comprehensive United States income tax treaty that includes an exchange of information program and which the United States Treasury Department has determined is satisfactory for these purposes, (ii) we are neither a PFIC (as discussed below) nor treated as such with respect to the United States Holder for either the taxable year in which the dividend is paid or the preceding taxable year, and (iii) the United States Holder satisfies certain holding period and other requirements. In this regard, shares generally are considered to be readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States if they are listed on Nasdaq, as our ordinary shares are. United States Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the reduced tax rate on dividends paid with respect to our ordinary shares. The dividends will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction available to United States Holders that are corporations in respect of dividends received from other United States corporations.
 
Disposition of Ordinary Shares
 
Subject to the discussion below under “-Passive Foreign Investment Company,” a United States Holder generally will recognize capital gain or loss for United States federal income tax purposes on the sale or other taxable disposition of our ordinary shares equal to the difference, if any, between the amount realized and the United States Holder’s tax basis in those ordinary shares. If any Israeli tax is imposed on the sale, exchange or other disposition of our ordinary shares, a United States Holder’s amount realized will include the gross amount of the proceeds of the disposition before deduction of the Israeli tax. In general, capital gains recognized by a non-corporate United States Holder, including an individual, are subject to a lower rate under current law if such United States Holder held the ordinary shares for more than one year. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations. Any such gain or loss generally will be treated as United States source income or loss for purposes of the foreign tax credit. A United States Holder’s tax basis in its ordinary shares generally will equal the cost of such shares. Because gain for the sale or other taxable disposition of our ordinary shares will be treated as United States source income, and a United States Holder may use foreign tax credits against only the portion of United States federal income tax liability that is attributed to foreign source income in the same category, a United States Holder’s ability to utilize a foreign tax credit with respect to the Israeli tax imposed on any such sale or other taxable disposition, if any, may be significantly limited. In addition, if a United States Holder is eligible for the benefit of the income tax convention between the United States and the State of Israel and pays Israeli tax in excess of the amount applicable to the United States Holder under such convention or if the Israeli tax paid is refundable, the United States Holder will not be able to claim any foreign tax credit or deduction with respect to such excess portion of the Israeli tax paid or the amount of Israeli tax refunded. In addition, pursuant to applicable United States Treasury regulations, if a United States Holder is not eligible for the benefits of an applicable income tax treaty or does not elect to apply such treaty, then such holder may not be able to claim a foreign tax credit arising from any foreign tax imposed on the disposition of our ordinary shares, depending on the nature of such foreign tax, although the IRS has provided temporary relief from the application of certain aspects of these regulations until new guidance or regulations are issued. The rules governing the treatment of foreign taxes imposed on a United States Holder and foreign tax credits are complex, and United States Holders should consult their tax advisors as to whether the Israeli tax on gains may be creditable or deductible in light of their particular circumstances, including their eligibility for benefits under an applicable treaty and the potential impact of applicable United States Treasury regulations and the temporary IRS relief.
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Passive Foreign Investment Company
 
We would be a PFIC for any taxable year if, after the application of certain look-through rules, either: (i) 75% or more of our gross income for such year is “passive income” (as defined in the relevant provisions of the Internal Revenue Code), or (ii) 50% or more of the value of our assets (generally determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income. For these purposes, cash and other assets readily convertible into cash or that do or could generate passive income are categorized as passive assets, and the value of goodwill and other unbooked intangible assets is generally taken into account. Passive income generally includes, among other things, rents, dividends, interest, royalties, gains from the disposition of passive assets and gains from commodities and securities transactions. For purposes of this test, we will be treated as owning a proportionate share of the assets and earning a proportionate share of the income of any other corporation of which we own, directly or indirectly, at least 25% (by value) of the stock. Based on our market capitalization and the composition of our income, assets and operations, we believe that we were not a PFIC for the year ended December 31, 2023 and do not expect to be a PFIC for United States federal income tax purposes for the current taxable year or in the foreseeable future. However, this is a factual determination that must be made annually after the close of each taxable year. Moreover, the value of our assets for purposes of the PFIC determination may be determined by reference to the trading value of our ordinary shares, which could fluctuate significantly. In addition, it is possible that the IRS may take a contrary position with respect to our determination in any particular year, and therefore, there can be no assurance that we were not a PFIC for the year ended December 31, 2023 or will not be classified as a PFIC for the current taxable year or in the future. Certain adverse United States federal income tax consequences could apply to a United States Holder if we are treated as a PFIC for any taxable year during which such United States Holder holds our ordinary shares. Under the PFIC rules, if we were considered a PFIC at any time that a United States Holder holds our ordinary shares, we would continue to be treated as a PFIC with respect to such holder’s investment unless (i) we cease to be a PFIC, and (ii) the United States Holder has made a “deemed sale” election under the PFIC rules.
 
If we are a PFIC for any taxable year that a United States Holder holds our ordinary shares, unless the United States Holder makes certain elections, any gain recognized by the United States Holder on a sale or other disposition of our ordinary shares would be allocated pro-rata over the United States Holder’s holding period for the ordinary shares. The amounts allocated to the taxable year of the sale or other disposition and to any year before we became a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income. The amount allocated to each other taxable year would be subject to tax at the highest rate in effect for individuals or the highest rate in effect for corporations, as appropriate, for that taxable year, and an interest charge would be imposed. Further, to the extent that any distribution received by a United States Holder on our ordinary shares exceeds 125% of the average of the annual distributions on the ordinary shares received during the preceding three years or the United States Holder’s holding period, whichever is shorter, that distribution would be subject to taxation in the same manner as gain on the sale or other disposition of our ordinary shares if we were a PFIC, described above. If we are treated as a PFIC with respect to a United States Holder for any taxable year, the United States Holder will be deemed to own equity in any of the entities in which we hold equity that also are PFICs. Certain elections may be available that would result in alternative treatments (such as mark-to-market treatment) of the ordinary shares. In addition, a timely election to treat us as a qualified electing fund under the Internal Revenue Code would result in an alternative treatment. However, we do not intend to prepare or provide the information that would enable United States Holders to make a qualified electing fund election. If we are considered a PFIC, a United States Holder also will be subject to annual information reporting requirements. United States Holders should consult their tax advisors about the potential application of the PFIC rules to an investment in the ordinary shares.
123
 
Information Reporting and Backup Withholding
 
Dividend payments and proceeds paid from the sale or other taxable disposition of our ordinary shares may be subject to information reporting to the IRS. In addition, a United States Holder (other than an exempt holder who establishes its exempt status if required) may be subject to backup withholding on dividend payments and proceeds from the sale or other taxable disposition of our ordinary shares paid within the United States or through certain U.S.-related financial intermediaries.
 
Backup withholding will not apply, however, to a United States Holder who furnishes a correct taxpayer identification number, makes other required certification and otherwise complies with the applicable requirements of the backup withholding rules. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Rather, any amount withheld under the backup withholding rules will be creditable or refundable against the United States Holder’s United States federal income tax liability, provided the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.
 
Foreign Financial Asset Reporting
 
Certain United States Holders are required to report their holdings of certain foreign financial assets, including equity of foreign entities, if the aggregate value of all of these assets exceeds certain threshold amounts. Our ordinary shares are expected to constitute foreign financial assets subject to these requirements unless the ordinary shares are held in an account at certain financial institutions. United States Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the application of these reporting requirements.
 
F.
     Dividends and Paying Agents

Not applicable.
 
G.
     Statement by Experts

Not applicable.
 
H.
     Documents on Display

  We are subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act. Accordingly, we are required to file reports and other information with the SEC, including annual reports on Form 20-F and reports on Form 6-K. Our filings with the SEC are also available to the public through the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. This site contains reports and other information about issuers, like us, that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that website is www.sec.gov.
124
 
We maintain a corporate website at http://www.global-e.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through our website does not constitute a part of this Annual Report on Form 20-F. We also make available on our website’s investor relations page at http://investors.global-e.com, free of charge, our Annual Report and the text of our reports on Form 6-K, including any amendments to these reports, as well as certain other SEC filings, as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. The information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference in this Annual Report.

As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt under the Exchange Act from, among other things, the rules prescribing the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we will not be required under the Exchange Act to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act. However, we will file with the SEC, within four months after the end of each subsequent fiscal year, or such applicable time as required by the SEC, an annual report on Form 20-F containing financial statements audited by an independent registered public accounting firm. We also intend to furnish certain other material information to the SEC under cover of Form 6-K.
 
I.
     Subsidiary Information

Not applicable.
 
J.
     Annual Report to Security Holders

Not applicable.

Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Interest rate risk

As of December 31, 2023, we had $317.4 million of cash and cash equivalent, bank deposits and marketable securities. Interest-earning instruments carry a degree of interest rate risk. However, our historical interest income has not fluctuated significantly. A hypothetical 10% change in interest rates would not have had a material impact on our financial results for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes and have not used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest rate risk exposure.

Our investments are subject to market risk due to changes in interest rates, which may affect our interest income and fair market value of our investments. To minimize this risk, we maintain our portfolio in a variety of high-grade securities, including U.S. treasury bonds and government agencies. The primary objectives of our investment activities are to support liquidity, preserve principal and to maximize income without significantly increasing risk.
 
Foreign currency exchange risk
 
A significant share of our purchase and sale transactions are carried out in different currencies, including U.S. Dollar, Euro and Pounds Sterling, and we bear the risk of diminution in value of the relevant shopper’s purchasing currency in the interim periods between the various transaction stages (e.g. placement/payment and returns/refund). Additionally, we incur a substantial portion of our operating expenses in New Israeli Shekels, Pounds Sterling and U.S. Dollars, and to a lesser extent, other foreign currencies. A decrease of 5% in the U.S. Dollar/NIS exchange rate would have increased our cost of revenue and operating expenses by approximately 0.4% and 0.3% for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. If the NIS fluctuates significantly against the U.S. dollar, it may have a negative impact on our results of operations. Our results of operations and cash flows are, therefore, subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. However, we believe we have a certain level of built-in “natural currency hedge” provided by our bi-directional volume of sales and broad international activity.
125

Despite this natural hedge, we may incur additional costs and experience losses resulting from fluctuations in exchange rates for revenues in foreign currencies or upon translation of New Israeli Shekels expenses incurred in Israel, or Pounds Sterling expenses incurred in the United Kingdom, to U.S. Dollars.

In addition, while our financial reporting currency is U.S. Dollars, we currently have significant share of our revenues denominated in foreign currencies, including Pounds Sterling and Euros, and may in the future have significant sales denominated in the currencies of additional countries, which may negatively impact our reported revenues as a result of fluctuations in currency exchange rates vis-à-vis the U.S. Dollar.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we did not hedge our foreign currency exchange risk.
 
Item 12. Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities
 
Not applicable.
 
PART II
 
Item 13. Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies
 
None.
 
Item 14. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds
 
None.
  
Item 15. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2023. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to accomplish their objectives at the reasonable assurance level.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Our management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria set forth in “Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013)” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, our management concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, our internal control over financial reporting was effective.
126

 
Attestation Report of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 
Our independent registered public accounting firm, Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer, a member of EY Global, has audited the consolidated financial statements included in this annual report on Form 20-F, and as part of its audit, has issued its attestation report regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. The report of Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer is included with our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report and is incorporated herein by reference. 

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the period covered by this Annual Report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
 
Item 16. Reserved
 
Item 16A. Audit Committee Financial Expert
 
Our board of directors has determined that Ms. Tzvia Broida is an audit committee financial expert as defined by the SEC rules and has the requisite financial experience as defined by the corporate governance rules of Nasdaq.
 
Our board of directors has determined that each member of our audit committee is “independent” as such term is defined in Rule 10A-3(b)(1) under the Exchange Act, which is different from the general test for independence of board members under the rules of Nasdaq.
 
Item 16B. Code of Ethics
 
We have adopted a Code of Conduct that applies to all our employees, officers and directors. Our Code of Conduct addresses, among other things, competition and fair dealing, gifts and entertainment, conflicts of interest, international business laws, financial matters and external reporting, company assets, confidentiality and corporate opportunity requirements and the process for reporting violations of the Code of Conduct. Our Code of Conduct is intended to meet the definition of “code of ethics” under Item 16B of 20-F under the Exchange Act.
 
We will disclose on our website any amendment to, or waiver from, a provision of our Code of Conduct that applies to our directors or executive officers to the extent required under the rules of the SEC or the Nasdaq. Our Code of Conduct is available on our website at https://investors.global-e.com/corporate-governance/documents-charters. The information contained on or through our website, or any other website referred to herein, is not incorporated by reference in this Annual Report.
 
We granted no waivers under our Code of Conduct in 2023.
127
 
Item 16C. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
 
The consolidated financial statements of Global-E Online Ltd. at December 31, 2022 and 2023, and for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2023, appearing in this Annual Report have been audited by Kost, Forer, Gabbay & Kasierer, a member of EY Global, independent registered public accounting firm, as set forth in their report thereon appearing elsewhere herein, and are included in reliance upon such report given on the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing. The current address of Kost, Forer, Gabbay & Kasierer is 144 Menachem Begin Road, Tel Aviv 6492102, Israel.
 
The table below sets out the total amount of services rendered to us by Kost, Forer, Gabbay & Kasierer, a member of EY Global, for services performed in the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, and breaks down these amounts by category of service:

 
  
2022
    
2023
  
 
  
(in thousands)
  
Audit Fees
  
$
760
    
$
880
  
Audit Related Fees
  
$
218
    
$
-
  
Tax Fees
  
$
97
    
$
66
  
All Other Fees
    
-
      
40
  
Total
  
$
1,075
    
$
986
  
 
Audit Fees
 
Audit fees for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 include fees for the audit of our annual financial statements. This category also includes services that the independent accountant generally provides, such as consents and assistance with and review of documents filed with the SEC.
 
Audit Related Fees
 
Audit related fees for the year ended December 31, 2022 related to services in connection with the Flow Merger and Borderfree acquisition. There were no audit related fees for the year ended December 31, 2023. 

Tax Fees
 
Tax fees for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 related to ongoing tax advisory, tax compliance and tax planning services.
 
All Other Fees
 
All other fees in the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 related to services in connection with non-audit compliance and review work.
 
Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures
 
The advance approval of the Audit Committee or members thereof, to whom approval authority has been delegated, is required for all audit and non-audit services provided by our auditors.
 
All services provided by our auditors are approved in advance by either the Audit Committee or members thereof, to whom authority has been delegated, in accordance with the Audit Committee’s pre-approval policy.
128

Item 16D. Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees
 
Not applicable.
 
Item 16E. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
 
Not applicable.
 
Item 16F. Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant
 
None.
 
Item 16G. Corporate Governance

As an Israeli company, we are subject to various corporate governance requirements under the Companies Law. However, pursuant to regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, companies with shares traded on certain U.S. stock exchanges, including Nasdaq, may, subject to certain conditions, “opt out” from the Companies Law requirements to appoint external directors and related Companies Law rules concerning the composition of the audit committee and compensation committee of the board of directors (other than the gender diversification rule under the Companies Law, which requires the appointment of a director from the other gender if at the time a director is appointed all members of the board of directors are of the same gender). In accordance with these regulations, we elected to “opt out” from such requirements of the Companies Law. Under these regulations, the exemptions from such Companies Law requirements will continue to be available to us so long as: (i) we do not have a “controlling shareholder” (as such term is defined under the Companies Law), (ii) our shares are traded on certain U.S. stock exchanges, including Nasdaq, and (iii) we comply with the director independence requirements and the audit committee and compensation committee composition requirements under U.S. laws (including applicable rules of Nasdaq) applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

We are a “foreign private issuer” (as such term is defined in Rule 3b-4 under the Exchange Act). As a foreign private issuer we are permitted to comply with Israeli corporate governance practices instead of the corporate governance rules of Nasdaq, provided that we disclose which requirements we are not following and the equivalent Israeli requirement.
 
We rely on this “foreign private issuer exemption” with respect to the quorum requirement for shareholder meetings. Whereas under the corporate governance rules of Nasdaq, a quorum requires the presence, in person or by proxy, of holders of at least 331/3% of the total issued outstanding voting power of our shares at each general meeting of shareholders, pursuant to our amended and restated articles of association, and as permitted under the Companies Law, the quorum required for a general meeting of shareholders consists of at least two shareholders present in person or by proxy in accordance with the Companies Law, who hold or represent at least 331/3% of the total voting power of our shares, except if (i) any such general meeting of shareholders was initiated by and convened pursuant to a resolution adopted by the board of directors and (ii) at the time of such general meeting, we qualify as a “foreign private issuer,” in which case the requisite quorum will consist of two or more shareholders present in person or by proxy who hold or represent at least 25% of the total voting power of our shares (and if the meeting is adjourned for a lack of quorum, the quorum for such adjourned meeting will be, subject to certain exceptions, any number of shareholders). We otherwise comply with and intend to continue to comply with the rules generally applicable to U.S. domestic companies listed on Nasdaq. We may, however, in the future decide to use the “foreign private issuer exemption” and opt out of some or all of the other corporate governance rules. Following our home country governance practices may provide less protection than is accorded to investors under the corporate governance rules of the Nasdaq applicable to domestic issuers.

We intend to take all actions necessary for us to maintain compliance as a foreign private issuer under the applicable corporate governance requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the rules adopted by the SEC and Nasdaq corporate governance rules.
129
  
Item 16H. Mine Safety Disclosure
 
Not applicable.
 
Item 16I. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
 
Not applicable.

Item 16J. Insider Trading Policies

     Not applicable.

Item 16K. Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy

We have developed and implemented a cybersecurity risk management program intended to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our critical systems and information. Our cybersecurity risk management program is based on various cybersecurity standards in which we are certified, including ISO 27001, SOC 2 Type 2 and SOC 3. We have also obtained and maintain PCI-DSS (level 1) certification. While we may not always meet every technical standard, specification and requirement specified in these frameworks at all times, we use these frameworks to help us identify, assess, and manage cybersecurity risks relevant to our business.

Our cybersecurity risk management program shares common principles, oversight, reporting channels and governance processes with our general risk management processes.

Primarily, our cybersecurity risk management approach, include, but are not limited to:

•
risk assessments designed to help identify material cybersecurity risks to our critical systems, information, products, services, and our broader enterprise IT environment;
   
•
a security team principally responsible for managing (a) our cybersecurity risk assessment processes, (b) our security controls, and (c) our response to cybersecurity incidents;
   
•
physical and technical security measures, including encryption, authentication, and access controls;
   
•
cybersecurity awareness training and internal cybersecurity resources for our employees;
   
•
the use of external service providers, where appropriate, to assess, test or otherwise assist with aspects of our security processes; and a cybersecurity incident response plan that includes procedures for responding to cybersecurity incidents; and
   
•
a third-party risk management process for service providers, suppliers, and vendors based on their criticality and risk profile.

We have not identified risks from known cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any prior cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. We face risks from cybersecurity threats that, if realized, are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. See Part I, Item 3.D. “Risk Factors—We store personal information of merchants and shoppers. To the extent our security measures are compromised, our platform may be perceived as not being secure. This may result in merchants curtailing or ceasing their use of our platform, our reputation being harmed, our incurring of significant regulatory and monetary liabilities, and adverse effects on our results of operations and growth prospects.”
130

Cybersecurity Governance

Our board of directors considers cybersecurity risk as part of its risk oversight function and has delegated to the audit committee overall risk management, including oversight of cybersecurity and other information technology risks. The audit committee members receive periodic briefings from management on our cybersecurity risks, and our management updates our audit committee members, as necessary, regarding any significant cybersecurity incidents. Our audit committee members also receive briefings from management on our cyber risk management program. Our board of directors is periodically briefed regarding management’s activities, including those related to cybersecurity.

Our management team, including our CTO and CISO, along with our Data Protection Officer (DPO), have primary responsibility for assessing and managing our material risks from cybersecurity threats. The team has primary responsibility for our overall cybersecurity risk management program and supervises both our internal cybersecurity personnel and our retained external cybersecurity consultants. Our CTO and CISO have a combined experience of over three decades of experience in executive leadership across multiple industries (banking, SaaS and other online services) in the areas of production systems, data integrity and information security.

Our management team oversees efforts to prevent, detect, mitigate, and remediate cybersecurity risks and incidents through various means, which may include briefings from our CISO and other security personnel and external consultants; threat intelligence and other information obtained from governmental, public or private sources, including external consultants engaged by us; and alerts and reports produced by security tools deployed in the IT environment. 

PART III
 
Item 17. Financial Statements
 
We have provided financial statements pursuant to Item 18.
 
Item 18. Financial Statements
 
The audited consolidated financial statements as required under Item 18 are attached hereto starting on page F-1 of this Annual Report. The audit report of Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer (a member of EY Global), an independent registered public accounting firm, is included herein preceding the audited consolidated financial statements.
131
 
Item 19. Exhibits.

           
Incorporation by Reference
    
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
Filed /
Exhibit No.
  
Description
  
Form
  
File No.
  
Exhibit No.
  
Filing Date
  
Furnished

 
F-1
  
333-259371
  
3.1
  
September 7, 2021
  
 

 
F-1
  
333-259371
  
4.1
  
September 7, 2021
  
 

 






 
*

 
F-1
  
333-259371
  
10.1
  
September 7, 2021
  
 

 
F-1
  
333-259371
  
10.2
  
September 7, 2021
  
 

 
F-1
  
333-259371
  
10.3
  
September 7, 2021
  
 

 
F-1
  
333-259371
  
10.7
  
September 7, 2021
  
 

 
F-1
  
333-259371
  
10.6
  
September 7, 2021
  
 

 
20-F
  
001-40408
    4.6  
March 31, 2023
  

 
F-1
  
333-259371
  
10.5
  
September 7, 2021
  
 

 
F-1
  
333-259371
  
10.8
  
September 7, 2021
  
 

 
F-1
  
333-259371
  
10.9
  
September 7, 2021
  
 

 
20-F
  
001-40408
  
4.10
  
March 28, 2022
    

 
20-F
  
001-40408
  
4.11
  
March 28, 2022
  
 

 
20-F
  
001-40408
  
4.12
  
March 28, 2022
  
 

 
F-1
  
333-259371
  
4.2
  
September 7, 2021
    

           
*

 
 
  
 
 
  
*

 
 
  
 
 
  
*

 
 
  
 
 
  
**

 
 
  
 
 
  
**

 
 
  
 
 
  
*
97.1
             
101.INS
Inline XBRL Instance Document.
  
 
  
 
 
  
* 
 101.SCH
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
  
 
  
 
 
  
*
 101.CAL
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
  
 
  
 
 
  
*
 101.DEF
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document.
  
 
  
 
 
  
*
 101.LAB
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
  
 
  
 
 
  
*
 101.PRE
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
  
 
  
 
 
  
*
 104
Inline XBRL for the cover page of this Annual Report on Form 20-F, included in the Exhibit 101 Inline XBRL Document Set.
  
 
  
 
 
  
*

*
Filed herewith.
   
**
Furnished herewith.
   
†
 
Portions of this exhibit have been redacted pursuant to Item 4 of the “Instructions As To Exhibits” of Form 20-F because the Company customarily and actually treats the redacted information as private or confidential and the omitted information is not material. The Company hereby agrees to furnish an unredacted copy of the exhibit to the Commission upon request.
   
#
Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

Certain agreements filed as exhibits to this Annual Report contain representations and warranties that the parties thereto made to each other. These representations and warranties have been made solely for the benefit of the other parties to such agreements and may have been qualified by certain information that has been disclosed to the other parties to such agreements and that may not be reflected in such agreements. In addition, these representations and warranties may be intended as a way of allocating risks among parties if the statements contained therein prove to be incorrect, rather than as actual statements of fact. Accordingly, there can be no reliance on any such representations and warranties as characterizations of the actual state of facts. Moreover, information concerning the subject matter of any such representations and warranties may have changed since the date of such agreements.
132

SIGNATURES
 
The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this Annual Report on its behalf.
 
 
GLOBAL-E ONLINE LTD.
Date: March 28, 2024
 
By:
/s/ Amir Schlachet
 
Name:
Amir Schlachet
 
Title:
Chief Executive Officer

133

Global-E Online LTD.
 
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 
 
Page
F-2
F-5
F-6
F-7
F-8
F-9
F-10
 
F - 1
 
 
https://cdn.kscope.io/40eb63fa36835767069ce4eef05250e7-image00003.jpg
Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer
144 Menachem Begin Road, Building A,
Tel-Aviv 6492102, Israel
Tel: +972-3-6232525
Fax: +972-3-5622555
ey.com
 
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
 
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Global-E Online Ltd.
 
Opinion on the Financial Statements
 
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Global-E Online Ltd. (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), convertible preferred shares and shareholders' equity (deficit) and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
 
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated March 28, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
 
Basis for Opinion
 
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 
Critical Audit Matter
 
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
 
F - 2
 
 
Revenue Recognition
 
Description of the Matter
As described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company derives its revenue from providing merchants a global direct-to-consumer e-commerce platform which enables to sell their products to consumers worldwide. Revenue is generated as a percentage of the value of transactions that flow through the Company’s platform and from shipping, handling, and other global delivery services in order to deliver merchants’ goods to consumers. The Company’s revenue recognition process involves several applications responsible for the initiation, processing, recording of transactions, and the calculation of revenue in accordance with the Company’s accounting policy. The processing and recognition of revenue are highly automated and involve capturing and processing significant volumes of data.    
 
Auditing the Company's accounting for revenue from contracts with customers was challenging due to the high volume of individually-low-monetary-value transactions and the dependency on the effective design and operation of multiple applications, some of which are custom-made for the Company’s business, and data sources associated with the revenue recognition process.    
 
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit
We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design, and tested the operating effectiveness of internal controls over the Company’s accounting for revenue from contracts with customers.
 
With the support of our information technology professionals, we identified and tested the relevant systems and tools used for the determination of initiation, processing and recording of revenue, which included processes and controls related to access to the relevant systems and data, changes to the relevant systems and interfaces, and configuration of the relevant systems. For example, with the assistance of IT professionals, we tested the controls over the Company’s billing reconciliation process.
 
Our audit procedures included, among others, substantive audit procedures that included testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data within the Company’s billing system and extracting data from the system to evaluate the completeness and accuracy of recorded revenues, tracing sales transactions to third-party payment service providers, and testing a sample of cash to billings reconciliations. We have also evaluated the Company’s disclosures included in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements.
 
KOST FORER GABBAY & KASIERER
A Member of EY Global
 
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2013.
 
Tel-Aviv, Israel
March 28, 2024
F - 3
 
https://cdn.kscope.io/40eb63fa36835767069ce4eef05250e7-image00003.jpg
Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer
144 Menachem Begin Road, Building A,
Tel-Aviv 6492102, Israel
Tel: +972-3-6232525
Fax: +972-3-5622555
ey.com
 
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
 
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Global-E Online Ltd.
 
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 
We have audited Global-E Online Ltd.'s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Global-E Online Ltd. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on the COSO criteria.
 
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), convertible preferred shares and shareholders' equity (deficit) and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and our report dated March 28, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
 
Basis for Opinion
 
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
 
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
 
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
 
KOST FORER GABBAY & KASIERER
A Member of EY Global
 
Tel-Aviv, Israel

March 28, 2024    

 

F - 4
Global-E Online LTD.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
 
   
As of December 31,
  
   
2022
    
2023
  
Assets
            
Current assets:
            
Cash and cash equivalents
    
165,033
      
200,081
  
Short-term deposits
    
46,353
      
96,939
  
Accounts receivable (net of allowance for credit losses of $724 and $681 as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively)
    
16,424
      
27,841
  
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
    
51,904
      
63,967
  
Marketable securities
    
16,813
      
20,403
  
Funds receivable, including cash in banks
    
78,125
      
111,232
  
Total current assets
    
374,652
      
520,463
  
Property and equipment, net
    
10,283
      
10,236
  
Operating lease right-of-use assets
    
19,718
      
23,052
  
Long term deposits
    
3,225
      
3,552
  
Deferred contract acquisition and fulfillment costs, noncurrent
    
1,825
      
2,668
  
Deferred tax assets
    
171
      
-
  
Other assets, noncurrent
    
3,739
      
4,078
  
Commercial agreement asset
    
282,963
      
192,721
  
Goodwill
    
367,566
      
367,566
  
Intangible assets
    
98,458
      
78,024
  
Total long-term assets
    
787,948
      
681,897
  
Total assets
    
1,162,600
      
1,202,360
  
Liabilities, and Shareholders’ Equity
                
Current liabilities:
                
Accounts payable (including related party payables of $30,809 and $31,520 as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively)
    
52,220
      
50,943
  
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities (including related party payables of $5,719 and $6,892 as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively)
    
75,990
      
107,306
  
Funds payable to Customers
    
78,125
      
111,232
  
Short term operating lease liabilities
    
3,245
      
4,031
  
Total current liabilities
    
209,580
      
273,512
  
Long-term liabilities:
                
Deferred tax liabilities, net
    
6,558
      
6,507
  
Long term operating lease liabilities
    
16,579
      
19,291
  
Other long-term liabilities
    
1,762
      
1,071
  
Total liabilities
    
234,479
      
300,381
  
Shareholders’ equity:
                
Ordinary Shares, with no par value, 300,000,000 and 300,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively; 161,316,543 and 165,773,914, shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively;
    
-
      
-
  
Additional paid-in capital
    
1,253,093
      
1,360,250
  
Accumulated comprehensive loss
    
(1,926
)
    
(1,420
)
Accumulated deficit
    
(323,046
)
    
(456,851
)
Total shareholders’ equity
    
928,121
      
901,979
  
Total liabilities, and shareholders’ equity
    
1,162,600
      
1,202,360
  
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
 

F - 5

 
Global-E Online LTD.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
 
   
Year Ended
December 31,
  
   
2021
    
2022
    
2023
  
Revenue
    
245,274
      
409,049
      
569,946
  
Cost of revenue (including related party costs of $90,315, $129,629 and $177,076 for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively)
    
153,841
      
250,871
      
336,343
  
                         
Gross profit
    
91,433
      
158,178
      
233,603
  
                         
Operating expenses:
                        
Research and development
    
29,761
      
81,206
      
97,568
  
Sales and marketing
    
104,687
      
206,100
      
217,035
  
General and administrative
    
22,643
      
60,196
      
56,059
  
Total operating expenses
    
157,091
      
347,502
      
370,662
  
Operating loss
    
(65,658
)
    
(189,324
)
    
(137,059
)
Financial expenses (income), net
    
8,570
      
12,093
      
(5,262
)
Loss before income taxes
    
(74,228
)
    
(201,417
)
    
(131,797
)
Provision for income taxes (benefits)
    
705
      
(6,012
)
    
2,008
  
Net loss
    
(74,933
)
    
(195,405
)
    
(133,805
)
Net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders
    
(74,933
)
    
(195,405
)
    
(133,805
)
Net loss per share attributable to ordinary shareholders, basic and diluted
    
(0.74
)
    
(1.24
)
    
(0.81
)
Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to ordinary shareholders, basic and diluted
    
101,737,026
      
157,691,173
      
164,353,909
  
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
 

F - 6

 
Global-E Online LTD.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(in thousands)
 
   
Year Ended
December 31,
  
   
2021
    
2022
    
2023
  
                         
Net loss
    
(74,933
)
    
(195,405
)
    
(133,805
)
Other comprehensive income:
                        
Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale marketable securities, net
    
(270
)
    
(1,767
)
    
506
  
Other comprehensive income (loss)
    
(270
)
    
(1,767
)
    
506
  
Comprehensive loss
    
(75,203
)
    
(197,172
)
    
(133,299
)
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
 

F - 7

 
Global-E Online LTD.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED SHARES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)
(in thousands, except share data)
 
   
Convertible
Preferred Shares
    
Ordinary Shares
                          
   
Shares
    
Amount
    
Shares
    
Amount
    
Additional
Paid-in
Capital
    
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
    
Accumulated
Deficit
    
Total Shareholders’
Equity (Deficit)
  
Balance as of December 31, 2020
    
162,101
      
112,553
      
21,761,400
      
-
      
8,087
      
111
      
(52,708
)
    
(44,510
)
                                                                 
Conversion of preferred shares to Ordinary Shares
    
(162,101
)
    
(112,553
)
    
97,260,600
              
112,553
                      
112,553
  
Issuance of warrants to Ordinary Shares
                                    
280,842
                      
280,842
  
Exercise of options and vested RSUs granted to employees
                    
2,018,942
      
-
      
1,584
                      
1,584
  
                                                                 
Other comprehensive loss
                                            
(270
)
            
(270
)
Share-based compensation expense
                                    
12,001
                      
12,001
  
Issuance of Ordinary Shares in IPO, net
                    
17,250,000
              
396,344
                      
396,344
  
Exercise of Warrants to Ordinary Shares
                    
12,165,559
              
12,139
                      
12,139
  
                                                                 
Net Loss
                                                    
(74,933
)
    
(74,933
)
                                                                 
Balance as of December 31, 2021
    
-
      
-
      
150,456,501
      
-
      
823,550
      
(159
)
    
(127,641
)
    
695,750
  
                                                                 
Issuance of warrants to Ordinary Shares
                                    
235,466
                      
235,466
  
Exercise of options and vested RSUs granted to employees
                    
1,314,057
      
-
      
1,166
                      
1,166
  
                                                                 
Other comprehensive loss
                                            
(1,767
)
            
(1,767
)
Share-based compensation expense
                                    
38,909
                      
38,909
  
Exercise of Warrants to Ordinary Shares
                    
7,215,924
              
73
                      
73
  
Issuance of Ordinary Shares in connection with the business combination
                    
2,330,061
              
153,929
                      
153,929
  
                                                                 
Net Loss
                                                    
(195,405
)
    
(195,405
)
                                                                 
Balance as of December 31, 2022
    
-
      
-
      
161,316,543
      
-
      
1,253,093
      
(1,926
)
    
(323,046
)
    
928,121
  
                                                                 
Issuance of warrants to Ordinary Shares
    
-
      
-
                      
60,206
                      
60,206
  
Exercise of options and vested RSUs granted to employees
                    
2,016,124
              
1,969
                      
1,969
  
Issuance of Shares due to Contingent Consideration
                    
219,600
              
-
                      
-
  
                                                                 
Other comprehensive income
                                            
506
              
506
  
Share-based compensation expense
                                    
44,960
                      
44,960
  
Exercise of Warrants to Ordinary Shares
                    
2,221,647
              
22
                      
22
  
                                                                 
Net Loss
                                                    
(133,805
)
    
(133,805
)
                                                                 
Balance as of December 31, 2023
    
-
      
-
      
165,773,914
      
-
      
1,360,250
      
(1,420
)
    
(456,851
)
    
901,979
  
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
 

F - 8

 
Global-E Online LTD.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
 
   
Year Ended December 31,
  
   
2021
    
2022
    
2023
  
                   
Cash flows from operating activities:
                  
Net loss
  
$
(74,933
)
  
$
(195,405
)
  
$
(133,805
)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
                        
Depreciation and amortization
    
331
      
1,585
      
1,788
  
Share-based compensation expense
    
12,001
      
38,909
      
44,960
  
Commercial agreement asset amortization
    
84,298
      
149,047
      
150,451
  
Intangible assets amortization
    
-
      
27,833
      
20,434
  
Unrealized loss (gain) on foreign currency
    
2,403
      
7,843
      
(1,901
)
Changes in accrued interest and exchange rate on short-term deposits
    
-
      
(291
)
    
(416
)
Changes in accrued interest and exchange rate on long-term deposits
    
24
      
(931
)
    
(255
)
Realized losses from marketable securities    
    
140
      
73
      
-
  
Warrants liabilities to preferred shares
    
5,872
      
-
      
-
  
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
                        
Decrease (increase) in accounts receivable .
    
(5,591
)
    
2,662
      
(11,417
)
Increase in prepaid expenses and other assets
    
(23,239
)
    
(2,685
)
    
(11,735
)
Decrease (increase) in funds receivable
    
(29,272
)
    
17,097
      
(11,074
)
Increase in other assets, noncurrent
    
-
      
(1,279
)
    
(339
)
Increase in funds payable to customers
    
23,143
      
17,736
      
33,107
  
Decrease in operating lease ROU assets
    
1,382
      
3,253
      
3,230
  
Increase in deferred contract acquisition costs
    
(814
)
    
(761
)
    
(1,207
)
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable (including an increase of related party payables of $4,100, $12,651, $711 for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively)
    
5,007
      
16,648
      
(1,277
)
Increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities (including an increase of related party payables of $237, $2,362, $1,173 for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively)
    
17,926
      
20,531
      
30,625
  
Increase (decrease) in deferred taxes
    
(90
)
    
(8,178
)
    
120
  
Decrease in operating lease liabilities
    
(437
)
    
(4,359
)
    
(3,067
)
Net cash provided by operating activities
    
18,151
      
89,328
      
108,222
  
Cash flows from investing activities:
                        
Acquisition of a business, net of cash acquired (see note 6)
    
-
      
(317,483
)
    
-
  
Investment in marketable securities
    
(2,806
)
    
(8,298
)
    
(3,728
)
Proceeds from marketable securities
    
748
      
8,110
      
671
  
Purchases of short-term and long-term investments
    
(117,205
)
    
(78,478
)
    
(175,319
)
Proceeds from short-term and long-term investments
    
81,657
      
74,400
      
125,078
  
Purchases of property and equipment
    
(2,883
)
    
(8,352
)
    
(1,741
)
Net cash used in investing activities
    
(40,489
)
    
(330,101
)
    
(55,039
)
Cash flows from financing activities:
                        
Proceeds from exercise of share options
    
1,584
      
1,166
      
1,969
  
Proceeds from issuance of Ordinary Shares in IPO, net of issuance costs
    
396,494
      
-
      
-
  
Proceeds from exercise of warrants to Ordinary Shares
    
529
      
73
      
22
  
Net cash provided by financing activities
    
398,607
      
1,239
      
1,991
  
                         
Exchange rate differences on balances of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
    
(2,403
)
    
(7,843
)
    
1,901
  
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash
    
373,866
      
(247,377
)
    
57,075
  
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash-beginning of period
    
85,033
      
458,899
      
211,522
  
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash-end of period
  
$
458,899
    
$
211,522
    
$
268,597
  
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
                        
Cash paid for income taxes
  
$
5
    
$
249
    
$
729
  
Supplemental disclosures of noncash investing and financing activities:
                        
Purchases of property and equipment during the period included in accounts payable
  
$
1
    
$
-
    
$
-
  
                         
ROU assets and lease liabilities created during the period
  
$
17,329
    
$
2,862
    
$
6,565
  
                         
Conversion of warrants liability to Ordinary Shares
  
$
11,610
    
$
-
    
$
-
  
Recognition of Commercial agreement asset
  
$
280,842
    
$
235,467
    
$
60,206
  
 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 

F - 9

 
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1.
Organization and Description of Business
 
Global-E Online Ltd. was incorporated on February 21, 2013 under the laws of the state of Israel and commenced operations at that time.
 
The company and its subsidiaries (together, "Global-E", the "Company") offer a leading platform to enable and accelerate global, direct-to-consumer (“D2C”) e-commerce. The platform was purpose-built for international shoppers to buy seamlessly online and for merchants to sell from, and to, anywhere in the world. The Company’s platform localizes the shopper experience in effort to make international transactions as seamless as domestic ones. The platform increases the conversion of international traffic into sales by removing much of the complexity associated with international e-commerce. The platform provides an integrated solution that creates a localized and frictionless shopper experience and is simple to manage, flexible to adjust and smart in its local market insights and best practices. The vast capabilities of the Company’s end-to-end platform include interaction with shoppers in their native languages, market-adjusted pricing, payment options tailored to local market preferences, compliance with local consumer regulations and requirements such as customs duties and taxes, shipping services, after-sales support and returns management. These elements are unified under the Global-e platform to enhance the shopper experience and enable merchants to capture the global opportunity.
 
On January 3, 2022, the Company completed the acquisition of Flow Inc and its subsidiaries (“Flow”) (“Flow Acquisition”). Flow’s technology is a software solution for emerging brands to accelerate and optimize their global expansion and drive international sales in over 200 countries worldwide. The solution allows merchants to use the tools and services they need — whether it is localization, experience optimization, currency exchange, and payments, or Flow’s global infrastructure for shipping and tax and duty compliance. Flow was founded in 2015 and is based in Hoboken, NJ with a globally distributed workforce.
 
On July 1, 2022, the Company completed the acquisition of Borderfree Inc, Borderfree UK and Pitney Bowes Payco Ireland and their subsidiaries (“Borderfree”) (“Borderfree Acquisition”). Borderfree’s technology provides an end-to-end solution to individual retailers to facilitate international e-commerce transactions for consumer goods between such individual retailers and their consumers located in different countries, from initial consumer orders to the ultimate delivery to the consignee.
 
The Flow and Borderfree acquisitions were accounted for by the acquisition method of accounting, and, accordingly, the purchase price has been allocated according to the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed (See Note 6).

 

2.
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
 
Basis of Presentation
 
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and include the accounts of Global-E Online Ltd. and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
 
Reclassifications
 
Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified in order to conform to the current period presentation.

 

F - 10
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

Use of Estimates
 
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include, but are not limited to, the allocation of transaction price among various performance obligations, the estimated customer life on deferred contract acquisition costs, the allowance for credit losses, the fair value of financial assets and liabilities; the fair value of acquired intangible assets and goodwill, the useful lives of acquired intangible assets and property and equipment, share-based compensation, until the Company’s IPO, including the determination of the fair value of the Company’s Ordinary Shares, and the valuation of deferred tax assets and uncertain tax positions. The Company bases these estimates on historical and anticipated results, trends and various other assumptions that it believes are reasonable under the circumstances, including assumptions as to future events. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
 
Foreign Currency
 
The functional currency of the Company is the U.S. dollar. Accordingly, foreign currency assets and liabilities are remeasured into U.S. dollars at the end-of-period exchange rates except for non-monetary assets and liabilities, which are measured at historical exchange rates. Revenue and expenses are remeasured each day at the exchange rate in effect on the day the transaction occurred or at the average exchange rate for the relevant period.
 
Concentration of Risks
 
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a concentration of credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, short-term deposits, accounts receivable and marketable securities. The Company maintains its cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and short-term deposits with high-quality financial institutions mainly in the U.S., UK and Israel, the composition and maturities of which are regularly monitored by the Company.
 
In the years ended December 31, 2021, the revenue generated by the Company’s largest customer was $31,346. In the year ended December 31, 2022, and 2023 there aren’t revenues from a single customer which exceed 10% of the Company’s revenues.
 
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash
 
Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash in banks. The Company considers all highly liquid investments, with an original maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase, to be cash equivalents. The Company maintains certain cash amounts restricted as to its withdrawal or use. The Company’s restricted cash primarily consists of security deposits collateralizing the Company’s operating leases.
 
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows:
 
   
December 31,
  
   
2021
    
2022
    
2023
  
Cash and cash equivalents
 
$
448,623
    
$
165,033
    
$
200,081
  
Cash and cash equivalents included in funds receivable
 
$
10,063
    
$
46,302
    
$
68,334
  
Restricted cash included in other assets
 
$
213
    
$
187
    
$
182
  
                         
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash
 
$
458,899
    
$
211,522
    
$
268,597
  

 
F - 11
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

Marketable Securities
 
The Company classifies its marketable securities as available-for-sale at the time of purchase and re-evaluates such classification at each balance sheet date. The Company may sell these securities at any time for use in current operations even if they have not yet reached maturity. As a result, the Company classifies its marketable securities, including those with maturities beyond 12 months, as current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company carries these securities at fair value and records unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, in accumulated other comprehensive income, which is reflected as a component of shareholders’ equity. The Company periodically evaluates its marketable securities to assess whether those account for a credit loss. Expected credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities are recognized in financial expenses, net, on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations, and any remaining unrealized losses, net of taxes, are included in accumulated other comprehensive income in stockholders' equity. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company has recognized other than temporary impairment in the amount of $140 in its Consolidated Statements of operations as a result of the Company intention to sell specific Marketable securities. The Company has not recorded credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2023. The Company periodically evaluates its available-for-sale debt securities for impairment. If the amortized cost of an individual security exceeds its fair value, the Company considers its intent to sell the security or whether it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized basis. If either of these criteria are met, the Company writes down the security to its fair value and records the impairment charge in financial expenses (income), net, in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. If neither of these criteria are met, the Company determines whether credit loss exists. Changes in allowance for expected credit losses, is recorded in financial expenses (income), net.
 
Fair Value Measurements
 
Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received from the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The Company measures financial assets and liabilities at fair value at each reporting period using a fair value hierarchy which requires the Company to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Three levels of inputs may be used to measure fair value:
 
Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
 
Level 2 – Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
 
Level 3 – Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.
 
Financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, short-term deposits, accounts receivables, accounts payables, accrued liabilities, and marketable securities. Short-term deposits, Cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities are stated at their carrying value, which approximates fair value due to the short time to the expected receipt or payment date. Marketable securities are stated at fair value on a recurring basis. See note 14.

 

F - 12
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

Other Comprehensive Income (loss)
 
The Company accounts for comprehensive income (loss) in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification No. 220, "Comprehensive Income" ("ASC No. 220"). This statement establishes standards for the reporting and display of comprehensive income and its components in a full set of general-purpose financial statements. Comprehensive income generally represents all changes in shareholders' deficit during the period except those resulting from investments by, or distributions to shareholders.
 
The total accumulated other comprehensive income was comprised as follows:
 
   
Year ended December 31,
  
   
2021
    
2022
    
2023
  
   
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities
    
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities
    
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities
  
Beginning balance
 
$
111
    
$
(159
)
  
$
(1,926
)
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)
   
(410
)
    
(1,840
)
    
506
  
reclassification adjustments for losses included in net income
    
140
      
73
      
-
  
Total accumulated other comprehensive loss
 
$
(159
)
  
$
(1,926
)
  
$
(1,420
)
 
Accounts Receivable, Net
 
Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and amounts for which revenue has been recognized but not invoiced, net of allowance for credit losses. The allowance for credit losses is based on historical collection experience, customer creditworthiness, current and future economic condition and market condition. Additionally, specific allowance amounts are established to record the appropriate provision for customers that have a higher probability of default. Accounts receivables are written off after all reasonable means to collect the full amount have been exhausted.
 
Property and Equipment, Net
 
Property and equipment are stated at cost net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred.

 

F - 13
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

The estimated useful lives of the Company’s property and equipment are as follows:
 
Computer and software
3 years
Furniture and office equipment
3 – 7 years
Leasehold improvements
Shorter of remaining lease
 
term or estimated useful life
 
Business Combinations
 
The Company accounts for business combinations in accordance with ASC 805, “Business Combinations”. ASC 805 requires recognition of assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and any non-controlling interest at the acquisition date, measured at their fair values as of that date. The Company determines the recognition of intangible assets based on the following criteria: (i) the intangible asset arises from contractual or other rights; or (ii) the intangible asset is separable or divisible from the acquired entity and capable of being sold, transferred, licensed, returned or exchanged.
 
The excess of the fair value of the purchase price over the fair values of the identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. Determining the fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities requires management to use significant judgment and estimates including the forecasted revenue and revenues growth rates, discount rates, customer contract renewal rates and customer attrition rates.
 
Critical estimates in valuing certain intangible assets include, but are not limited to, future expected cash flows from customer relationships, merchant/network affiliate relationships, publisher relationships, technology, tradenames, and discount rates. The Company estimates fair value based upon assumptions that are believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable and, as a result, actual results may differ from estimates.
 
Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the fair value of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to the Company’s consolidated statement of operations.
 
Acquisition related costs are expensed in the statement of operations in the period incurred.
 
Intangible Assets
 
Acquired identifiable finite-lived intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The basis of amortization approximates the pattern in which the assets are utilized, over their estimated useful lives. The Company routinely reviews the remaining estimated useful lives of finite-lived intangible assets. In case the Company reduces the estimated useful life for any asset, the remaining unamortized balance is amortized or depreciated over the revised estimated useful life.
 
The estimated useful lives of the Company’s intangible assets are as follows:
 
 
Years
   
Technology
2-7
Partnership Agreement
6
Customer Relationships
1-5
Trademark
2
Marketing Asset
5
GTS Duty Calculator
9
 
F - 14
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

Goodwill
 
Goodwill reflects the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values of the identifiable net assets acquired in business combinations. Goodwill is not amortized and is tested for impairment at least on an annual basis. The Company operates as one reporting unit and the fair value of the reporting unit is estimated using quoted market prices of the Company’s stock in active markets. The Company tests goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth quarter and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of goodwill may not be recoverable.
 
When testing goodwill for impairment, the Company may first perform a qualitative assessment. If the Company determines it is not more likely than not the reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value, then no further analysis is necessary. If the Company determines that it is more likely than not that the fair value of its reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then the quantitative impairment test will be performed. The Company may elect to bypass the qualitative assessment and proceed directly to performing a quantitative analysis. Under the quantitative impairment test, if the carrying amount of the Company’s reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the Company recognizes an impairment of goodwill for the amount of this excess. There was no impairment of goodwill in the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023.
 
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets and intangible assets subject to amortization
 
The Company evaluates the recoverability of long-lived assets, including property and equipment and intangible assets subject to amortization for possible impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be fully recoverable. Such events and changes may include significant changes in performance relative to expected operating results, significant changes in asset use, significant negative industry or economic trends, and changes in the Company’s business strategy. Recoverability of these assets is measured by a comparison of the carrying amounts to the future undiscounted cash flows the assets are expected to generate. If such review indicates that the carrying amount of long-lived assets is not recoverable, the carrying amount of such assets is reduced to fair value. There were no impairment charges to long-lived assets during the periods presented.
 
Capitalized Software Costs
 
Costs related to software acquired, developed, or modified solely to meet the Company’s internal requirements, with no substantive plans to market such software at the time of development are capitalized. Costs incurred during the preliminary planning and evaluation stage of the project and during the post implementation operational stage are expensed as incurred. Costs incurred during the application development stage of the project are capitalized. Maintenance costs are expensed as incurred.

 

F - 15
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

Revenue Recognition
 
The Company’s revenues are comprised of:
 
  1.

Service Fees –The Company provides merchants a global direct-to-consumer e-commerce platform which enables to sell their products to consumers worldwide. Revenue is generated as a percentage of the value of transactions that flow through the Company’s platform.
  2.
Fulfillment services – The Company offers shipping, handling, and other global delivery services in order to deliver merchants’ goods to consumers.
 
In accordance with ASC 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services are delivered. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for these goods or services. To achieve the core principle of this standard, the Company applied the following five steps:
 
  1.
Identification of the contract, or contracts, with the customer
 
The Company determines that it has a contract with a customer when each party’s rights regarding the products or services to be transferred can be identified, the payment terms for the services can be identified, the Company has determined the customer has the ability and intent to pay, and the contract has commercial substance. At contract inception, the Company evaluates whether two or more contracts should be combined and accounted for as a single contract and whether the combined or single contract includes more than one performance obligation.
 
  2.
Identification of the performance obligations in the contract
 
Performance obligations promised in a contract are identified based on the products and services that will be transferred to the customer that are both capable of being distinct, whereby the customer can benefit from the products or services either on their own or together with other resources that are readily available from third parties or from the Company, and are distinct in the context of the contract, whereby the transfer of the products and services is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. The Company identified two distinct performance obligations: service fees and fulfillment services. The Company Offers its platform service solution on a standalone basis (i.e., without the fulfillment services), fulfillment services are offered on an optional basis. Customers may choose to utilize or cease utilizing fulfillment services, either in whole or for select markets, at any time and from time to time.
 
  3.
Determination of the transaction price
 
The transaction price is determined based on the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring products or delivery of services to the customer. The Company applied the practical expedient in ASC 606 and did not evaluate payment terms of one year or less for the existence of a significant financing component. Revenue is recognized net of any taxes collected from customers which are subsequently remitted to governmental entities (e.g., sales tax and other indirect taxes).
 
  4.
Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract
 
Contracts that contain multiple performance obligations require an allocation of the transaction price to each performance obligation based on each performance obligation’s relative standalone selling price ("SSP"). To determine SSP, the Company maximizes the use of observable standalone sales and observable data, where available. In instances where performance obligations do not have observable standalone sales, the Company uses the expected cost-plus margin approach to estimate the standalone selling price based on a defined matrix that takes into consideration, among others, the weight, volume and shipping lane of the package. The Company also utilizes available information that may include market conditions, pricing strategies, and other observable inputs. In some cases, the Company provides the platform service solution on a standalone basis. (i.e., without the fulfillment services) since fulfillment service is optional. As for the fulfillment services, the Company provides such services only alongside the platform service solution.
 
F - 16
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

  5.
Recognition of the revenue when, or as, a performance obligation is satisfied
 
Revenue is recognized at the time the related performance obligation is satisfied by transferring the promised product or delivery of service to the customer. Revenue is recognized in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for those products or services.
 
For each performance obligation identified, the Company is required to determine whether control of the good or service transfers to the customer over time or at a point in time. The assessment of whether control transfers over time or at a point in time is critical to the timing of revenue recognition. The control over the promised services for each of the components is transferred as follow:
 
  a.
Service Fees -the revenues are recognized once the transaction is considered completed, when the payment is processed by the Company, and the merchant goods arrive at the Company’s hub. The Company determined it acts as an agent since it does not have control over the goods provided to the shopper, based on the agreement with the merchant. The Company is not primarily responsible for the acceptability of the goods (for example – the quality of the goods provided to the consumer). Furthermore, the Company has no discretion in determining the prices paid by the consumer for the goods. The Company earns a fee based on a fixed percentage of the total amount of the goods. Therefore, revenues derived from the service fees are presented on a net basis.
 
  b.
Fulfillment services - the service is recognized over the shipment time starting upon the dispatch to the carrier until it reaches the consumer. The Company determined it acts as a principal since it is the primary obligor to fulfill its promise to its customers, controls the services (i.e. the Company directs other parties to provide services on its behalf), has discretion in determining the carrier it uses to provide the service and bears the risk of loss if the actual cost of the fulfillment service will exceed the fee. Therefore, revenues derived from the fulfillment services are presented on a gross basis.
 
The Company elected to apply the optional exemption under ASC 606 not to disclose the remaining performance obligations that relate to contracts with an original expected duration of one year or less.

 

F - 17
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

Disaggregation of Revenue
 
The following table summarizes revenue by category:
 
   
Year Ended December 31,
  
   
2021
    
2022
    
2023
  
   
Amount
    
Percentage of Revenue
    
Amount
    
Percentage of Revenue
    
Amount
    
Percentage of Revenue
  
   
(in thousands, except percentages)
  
                                                 
Service fees
  
$
96,659
      
39
%
  
$
181,887
      
44
%
  
$
262,255
      
46
%
Fulfillment services
    
148,615
      
61
%
    
227,162
      
56
%
    
307,692
      
54
%
                                                 
Total revenue
  
$
245,274
      
100
%
  
$
409,049
      
100
%
  
$
569,946
      
100
%
 
The Company's revenues from service fees provided on a standalone basis were $8,366, $16,515 and $44,461 for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively.
 
The following table summarizes revenue by merchant outbound region:
 
   
Year Ended December 31,
  
   
2021
    
2022
    
2023
  
   
Amount
    
Percentage of Revenue
    
Amount
    
Percentage of Revenue
    
Amount
    
Percentage of Revenue
  
   
(in thousands, except percentages)
  
                                                 
United States
   
71,095
      
29
%
    
173,967
      
43
%
    
285,619
      
50
%
United Kingdom
 
$
113,835
      
47
%
  
$
146,562
      
36
%
  
$
173,584
      
30
%
European Union
   
58,177
      
23
%
    
78,491
      
19
%
    
92,566
      
16
%
Israel
   
1,052
      
*
)
    
1,357
      
*
)
    
1,806
      
*
)
Other
   
1,115
      
*
)
    
8,672
      
2
%
    
16,371
      
3
%
                                                 
Total revenue
 
$
245,274
      
100
%
  
$
409,049
      
100
%
  
$
569,946
      
100
%
 
*) Less than 1%
 
Deferred contract acquisition and fulfillment costs
 
 The Company capitalizes sales commissions paid to sales personnel that are incremental to the acquisition of customer contracts. These costs are recorded as deferred contract acquisition costs on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company determines whether costs should be deferred based on its sales compensation plans and if the commissions are incremental and would not have occurred absent the customer contract.
 
Sales commissions paid upon the initial acquisition of a customer contract for sales personnel and affiliates are amortized mainly over an estimated period of benefit of five years. The Company determines the period of benefit for sales commissions paid for the acquisition of the initial customer contract by taking into consideration the estimated technological life of the Company’s solution.
 
Amortization of sales commissions are consistent with each performance obligation and are included in sales and marketing expense in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company has applied the practical expedient in ASC 606 to expense costs as incurred for costs to obtain a contract with a customer when the amortization period would have been one year or less.

 

F - 18
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

The Company capitalizes costs incurred to fulfill its contracts when the costs relate directly to a contract and are expected to generate resources that will be used to satisfy the performance obligation under the contract and are expected to be recovered through revenues generated under the contract. Costs to fulfill contracts are expensed to cost of revenue on a straight-line basis over the estimated technological useful life of the Company's solution which are estimated to be five years.
 
The Company periodically reviews these deferred contract acquisition costs to determine whether events or changes in circumstances have occurred that could impact the period of benefit. There were no impairment losses recorded during the periods presented.
 
The following tables represent a roll forward of deferred contract acquisition costs:
 
Cost to obtain a contract:
 
   
Year Ended
December 31,
  
   
2021
    
2022
    
2023
  
   
(in thousands)
  
                         
        Beginning balance
 
$
987
    
$
1,801
    
$
2,562
  
Additions to deferred contract acquisition costs
   
1,188
      
1,378
      
1,463
  
Amortization of deferred contract acquisition costs
   
(374
)
    
(617
)
    
(868
)
Ending balance
 
$
1,801
    
$
2,562
    
$
3,157
  
                         
Deferred contract acquisition costs (to be recognized in next 12 months included in other current assets)
  
$
487
    
$
737
    
$
970
  
Deferred contract acquisition costs, noncurrent
   
1,314
      
1,825
      
2,187
  
Total deferred contract acquisition costs
 
$
1,801
    
$
2,562
    
$
3,157
  
 
Cost to fulfill a contract:
 
   
Year Ended
December 31,
  
   
2023
  
   
(in thousands)
  
         
        Beginning balance
 
$
-
  
Additions to deferred contract acquisition costs
    
659
  
Amortization of deferred contract acquisition costs
    
(46
)
Ending balance
  
$
613
  
         
Deferred contract acquisition costs (to be recognized in next 12 months included in other current assets)
  
$
133
  
Deferred contract acquisition costs, noncurrent
    
481
  
Total deferred contract acquisition costs
  
$
613
  

 

F - 19
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

Cost of Revenue
 
Cost of revenue primarily consists of expenses related to fulfillment of its services, which mainly include shipping costs, acquiring costs, payroll, hosting and allocated overhead. Overhead is allocated to cost of revenue based on applicable headcount.
 
Research and Development
 
Research and development costs include personnel-related expenses associated with the Company’s development personnel responsible for the design, development and testing of its products, cost of development environments and tools, and allocated overhead. Overhead is allocated to research and development based on applicable headcount. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.
 
Sales and Marketing Costs
 
Sales and Marketing costs include mainly personnel-related expenses, sales commissions, direct marketing, events, public relations, commercial agreement amortization (See note 7), amortization of intangible assets and allocated overhead. Overhead is allocated to sales and marketing based on applicable headcount.
 
General and Administrative
 
General and administrative expenses primarily consist of personnel-related expenses and merger-related contingent consideration, associated primarily with the Company’s finance, legal, human resources and other operational and administrative functions, professional fees for external legal, accounting and other consulting services, and allocated overhead.
 
Share-Based Compensation
 
The Company account for share-based compensation in accordance with ASC No. 718, “Compensation - Stock Compensation” (“ASC No. 718”). Share-based compensation expense related to share awards is recognized based on the fair value of the awards granted. The fair value of restricted stock units (“RSU”) is based on the closing market value of the underlying shares at the date of grant. The fair value of each option award is estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Black-Scholes option pricing model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, including the fair value of the underlying Ordinary Shares, the expected term of the option, the expected volatility of the price of the Company’s Ordinary Shares, risk-free interest rates, and the expected dividend yield of Ordinary Shares. The assumptions used to determine the fair value of the option awards represent management’s best estimates. These estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment. The related share-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards, including awards with graded vesting and no additional conditions for vesting other than service conditions. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur.
 
Income Taxes
 
The Company is subject to income taxes in Israel, the U.S., U.K and other foreign jurisdictions. These foreign jurisdictions may have different statutory rates than in Israel. Income taxes are accounted in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”). Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statements carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis as well as operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The financial effect of changes in tax laws or rates is accounted for in the period of enactment. Valuation allowances are provided when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

 

F - 20
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

The Company recognizes income tax benefits from uncertain tax positions only if it believes that it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such uncertain tax positions are then measured based on the largest benefit that is more likely than not to be realized upon the ultimate settlement. Although the Company believes that it has adequately reserved for its uncertain tax positions (including net interest and penalties), it can provide no assurance that the final tax outcome of these matters will not be materially different. The Company makes adjustments to these reserves when facts and circumstances change, such as the closing of a tax audit or the refinement of an estimate. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different from the amounts recorded, such differences will affect the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made.
 
Net Earnings (Loss) Per Share Attributable to Ordinary Shareholders
 
The Company calculates basic net income (loss) per share by dividing the net income (loss) by the weighted-average number of Ordinary Shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income (loss) per share is computed by giving effect to all potentially dilutive Ordinary Share equivalents outstanding for the period, including share options and restricted share units. Diluted net income (loss) per share was the same as basic net income (loss) per share in periods when the effects of potentially dilutive shares of Ordinary Shares were anti-dilutive. For periods before the Company’s shares began trading on May 12, 2021, the Company calculated basic net income (loss) per share using the two-class method required for participating securities. These participating securities did not contractually require the holders of such shares to participate in the Company’s losses. As such, net loss for the periods presented was not allocated to the Company’s participating securities.
 
Segment Information
 
The Company operates in one operating and reportable segment. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker, who is the Company’s chief executive officer (“CEO”), in deciding how to allocate resources and assessing performance. The Company’s chief operating decision maker allocates resources and assesses performance based upon discrete financial information at the consolidated level.
 
Revenue by geographical region can be found in the revenue recognition disclosures in Note 2 above. The following table presents the Company’s property and equipment, net of depreciation and amortization as well as the Company’s operating lease ROU assets by geographic region:
 
 
  
December 31,
  
 
  
2021
    
2022
    
2023
  
   
(in thousands)
  
       
Israel
 
$
18,383
    
$
22,823
    
$
23,113
  
United Kingdom
   
2,642
      
3,279
      
2,799
  
United States
    
2,326
      
3,828
      
7,265
  
Rest of world
   
26
      
71
      
111
  
Total assets, net
 
$
23,377
    
$
30,001
    
$
33,288
  

 
F - 21
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

Legal Proceedings
 
In the ordinary course of business, the Company may be subject from time to time to various proceedings, lawsuits, disputes, or claims. The Company investigates these claims as they arise. Although claims are inherently unpredictable, the Company is currently not aware of any matters that, if determined adversely to the Company, would individually or taken together, have a material adverse effect on its business, financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
 
Israeli Severance Pay
 
Pursuant to Israel’s Severance Pay Law, Israeli employees are entitled to severance pay equal to one month’s salary for each year of employment, or a portion thereof. The Company has elected to include its employees in Israel under Section 14 of the Severance Pay Law, under which these employees are entitled only to monthly deposits made in their name with insurance companies, at a rate of 8.33% of their monthly salary. These payments release the Company from any future obligation under the Israeli Severance Pay Law to make severance payments in respect of those employees; therefore, for these employees any liability for severance pay due to these employees, and the deposits under Section 14 are not recorded as an asset in the consolidated balance sheets. For employees which are not under Section 14 of the Severance Pay Law, as of December 31, 2022 and 2023 there is an asset and a liability in the consolidated balance sheets in the total of $1,227 and 1,762 and $733 and $1,071, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, the Company recorded $2,167and $691, respectively, in severance expenses related to these employees.
 
Warrants to preferred shares
 
Prior to the IPO, the Company issued warrants to purchase the Company's convertible preferred shares which were classified as a liability on the balance sheet and measured at fair value. The Company measured the warrants at fair value by applying the Option Pricing Method ("OPM") in each reporting period until they were converted. Changes in the fair value being recognized in the Company's statement of operations as financial income or expense, as appropriate.
 
   
Year Ended December 31
  
   
2021
    
2022
    
2023
  
   
(in thousands)
  
Beginning of the year
 
$
5,738
    
$
-
    
$
-
  
Change in fair value
   
5,872
      
-
      
-
  
Conversion to shares
   
(11,610
)
    
-
      
-
  
End of year
 
$
-
    
$
-
    
$
-
  

 
F - 22
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

Funds receivable and payable to customers
 
Funds receivable represent cash received or settled from end-customers via third-party payment service providers, which flows through a Company bank account for payment to the Company’s customers. This cash and related receivables represent the total amount due to the Company’s customers and as such, a liability for the same amount is recorded to funds payable to customers.
 
Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
 
In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU No. 2023-07, Reportable Segments (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which expands annual and interim disclosure requirements for reportable segments, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses, including public entities with a single operating or reportable segment. The updated standard will be effective for annual periods beginning in fiscal 2024 and interim periods beginning in the first quarter of fiscal 2025. Early adoption is permitted. The Company expect this ASU to only impact its disclosures with no impacts to the results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.
 
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which expands disclosures in an entity’s income tax rate reconciliation table and regarding cash taxes paid both in the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions. The updated standard will be effective for annual periods beginning in fiscal 2026. The Company expect this ASU to only impact its disclosures with no impacts to the results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.

 

F - 23
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

Immaterial Prior Period Error Correction
 
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company has voluntarily corrected retrospectively an immaterial error related to the presentation of “Exchange rate differences on balances of cash, cash equivalents” as a separate part of the reconciliation of the change in the "Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash” in the consolidated statements of Cash Flows, which was not included in previously issued consolidated financial statements.
 
The following tables summarize the effects of the corrections on the Company’s consolidated statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021:
 
   
Year Ended December 31, 2022
  
   
As Previously Stated
    
Adjustment
    
As Revised
  
   
(in thousands)
  
                         
Unrealized loss (gain) on foreign currency
 
$
-
    
$
7,843
    
$
7,843
  
Net cash provided by operating activities
 
$
81,485
    
$
7,843
    
$
89,328
  
Exchange rate differences on balances of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
  
$
-
    
$
(7,843
)
  
$
(7,843
)
 
   
Year Ended December 31, 2021
  
   
As Previously Stated
    
Adjustment
    
As Revised
  
   
(in thousands)
  
                         
Unrealized loss (gain) on foreign currency
 
$
-
    
$
2,403
    
$
2,403
  
Net cash provided by operating activities
 
$
15,748
    
$
2,403
    
$
18,151
  
Exchange rate differences on balances of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
  
$
-
    
$
(2,403
)
  
$
(2,403
)
 
3.
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following:
 
   
December 31,
  
   
2022
    
2023
  
   
(in thousands)
  
                 
Indirect tax receivables and related prepaid expenses
 
$
43,293
    
$
46,802
  
Prepaid expenses
   
7,847
      
14,805
  
Other
   
764
      
2,360
  
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
 
$
51,904
    
$
63,967
  
 

 

F - 24
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

4.
Property and Equipment, Net
 
Property and equipment, net consisted of the following:
 
   
December 31,
  
   
2022
    
2023
  
   
(in thousands)
  
                 
Computer and software
 
$
2,637
    
$
3,176
  
Furniture and office equipment
   
1,382
      
1,836
  
Leasehold improvements
   
8,883
      
9,631
  
 
                
Property and equipment, gross
   
12,902
      
14,643
  
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization
   
(2,619
)
    
(4,407
)
                 
Property and equipment, net
 
$
10,283
    
$
10,236
  
 
Depreciation and amortization expense were $331, $1,585 and $1,788 for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2022, and 2023, the Company wrote-off $76 and $105, respectively, of fully depreciated assets.

 

5.
Goodwill and intangible assets, net
 
Goodwill
 
The following table represents the changes in the carrying amounts of the Company’s total goodwill:
 
   
Carrying Amount
  
       
Balance as of December 31, 2022
  
$
367,566
  
Addition from acquisitions
    
-
  
Balance as of December 31, 2023
  
$
367,566
  
 
F - 25
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

Intangible assets, net
 
   
December 31,
  
   
2022
    
2023
  
                 
Cost:
                
                 
Technology
  
$
63,677
    
$
63,677
  
Customer relations
    
27,856
      
27,856
  
Partnership Agreement
    
11,366
      
11,366
  
Marketing Asset
    
19,263
      
19,263
  
Trademark
    
731
      
731
  
GTS Duty Calculator 
    
3,398
      
3,398
  
 
                
   
$
126,291
    
$
126,291
  
 
                
Less - accumulated amortization
  
$
27,833
    
$
48,267
  
 
                
Intangible assets, net
  
$
98,458
    
$
78,024
  
 
As of December 31, 2021 the Company did not have any acquired intangible assets
 
Estimated amortization expense for the years ended:
 
2024
  
$
18,812
  
2025
    
17,607
  
2026
    
17,607
  
2027
    
14,165
  
2028
    
8,840
  
Thereafter
    
993
  
         
 
  
$
78,024
  
 
Amortization expense related to intangible assets, net was included in the following line items in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss:
 
   
December 31,
  
   
2022
    
2023
  
             
Cost of revenues
  
$
9,743
    
$
11,183
  
Selling and marketing
    
18,090
      
9,251
  
                 
 
  
$
27,833
    
$
20,434
  
 
For the year ended December 31, 2021 the Company did not recognize amortization expense related to acquired intangible assets.

 

F - 26
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

6.
BUSINESS COMBINATIONS
 
  A.
On January 3, 2022, the Company consummated the Flow Acquisition, a private Company. Flow’s technology is a software solution for emerging brands to accelerate and optimize their global expansion and drive international sales in over 200 countries worldwide. The solution allows merchants to use the tools and services they need - whether it is localization, experience optimization, currency exchange, and payments, or Flow’s global infrastructure for shipping and tax and duty compliance. Flow was founded in 2015 and is based in Hoboken, NJ with a globally distributed workforce.
 
In accordance with the acquisition method of accounting, the total purchase price for the Flow Acquisition was $387,003, subject to working capital adjustments, comprised of $233,074 in cash and $153,929 in shares, based on the fair value in shares of the Company’s Ordinary Shares at the closing date.
 
In addition to the purchase consideration and pursuant to holdback agreements with certain Flow employees, the Company is committed to pay an amount of $24,323 and to issuing 439,200 of the Company’s Ordinary Shares, to be released over the period of two years after the acquisition date, subject to their continued service and expensed over the applicable service periods. In addition, the Company issued approximately $13,590 in RSUs to Flow employees in accordance with the terms of the Company’s equity incentive plan, which is expected to vest and be expensed over up to four years.
 
Under the purchase price allocation, the Company allocates the purchase price to tangible and identified intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on the estimates of their fair values, which were determined using generally accepted valuation techniques based on estimates and assumptions made by management at the time of the acquisition.
 
Goodwill represents the purchase price paid in excess of the fair value of net tangible and intangible assets acquired, and is attributable primarily to expected synergies, economies of scale and the assembled workforce of Flow. Goodwill is not deductible for income tax purposes.
 
The following table summarizes the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date:
 
Cash and Cash Equivalents
  
$
10,334
  
Funds Receivable
    
2,755
  
Accounts Receivables
    
4,880
  
Prepaid Expenses and Other Accounts Receivable
    
1,153
  
Property and Equipment, net
    
171
  
Long Term Lease Deposits
    
75
  
Intangible assets
    
83,459
  
Goodwill
    
300,876
  
Total assets acquired
    
403,703
  
 
        
Liabilities
        
Deferred tax liabilities, net
    
5,560
  
Accounts Payable
    
3,762
  
Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities
    
4,623
  
Funds Payable to Customers
    
2,755
  
Total liabilities assumed
    
16,700
  
 
        
Total purchase consideration
  
$
387,003
  

 
F - 27
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

The following table summarizes the estimate of the intangible assets and their estimated useful lives as of the acquisition date:
 
   
Fair Value
    
Useful life
  
         
(In years)
  
             
Technology (1)
  
$
58,892
      
7
  
Partnership Agreement (1)
    
11,366
      
6
  
Customer Relationships (1)
    
12,470
      
1
  
Trademark (1)
    
731
      
2
  
Total Intangible assets acquired
  
$
83,459
          
 
  (1)
Technology, Partnership Agreement, Customer relationships and Trademark's fair values were determined using the income approach.
 
The results of operations of Flow have been included in the consolidated financial statements since the acquisition date of January 3, 2022. Flow's revenue included in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations from January 3, 2022 through December 31, 2022 was $21,151. There is no practical way to determine net income attributable to Flow due to integration.
 
  B.
On July 1, 2022, the Company consummated the Borderfree Acquisition. Borderfree's technology is a software solution for emerging brands to accelerate and optimize their global expansion and drive international sales in over 200 countries worldwide. The solution allows merchants to use the tools and services they need — whether it is localization, experience optimization, currency exchange, and payments, or Borderfree’s global infrastructure for shipping and tax and duty compliance.
 
In accordance with the acquisition method of accounting, the total purchase price for the Borderfree Acquisition was $101,880, subject to working capital adjustments, comprised only of cash.
 
Under the preliminary purchase price allocation, the Company allocates the purchase price to tangible and identified intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on the preliminary estimates of their fair values, which were determined using generally accepted valuation techniques based on estimates and assumptions made by management at the time of the acquisition. Such estimates are subject to change during the measurement period which is not expected to exceed one year. No adjustments to the preliminary purchase price allocation were made during the measurement period.
 
Goodwill represents the purchase price paid in excess of the fair value of net tangible and intangible assets acquired, and is attributable primarily to expected synergies, economies of scale and the assembled workforce of Borderfree. Goodwill is not deductible for income tax purposes.
 
Acquisition-related transaction costs are not included as components of consideration transferred but are accounted for as expenses in the period in which the costs are incurred. The Company incurred transaction costs of $8,492 during the year ended December 31, 2022 which were included in general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of income (loss).

 

F - 28
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

The following table summarizes the preliminary fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date:
 
Cash and Equivalents
  
$
5,732
  
Accounts Receivable
    
5,021
  
Other receivables
    
971
  
Inventory
    
90
  
Long term receivables
    
2,460
  
Fixed assets, net
    
76
  
Intangible assets
    
42,832
  
Goodwill
    
66,690
  
Total assets acquired
    
123,872
  
 
        
Liabilities
        
Deferred tax liabilities, net
    
9,005
  
Accounts payable
    
7,746
  
Other accounts payable
    
5,241
  
Total liabilities assumed
    
21,992
  
 
        
Total purchase consideration
  
$
101,880
  
 
The following table summarizes the preliminary estimate of the intangible assets and their estimated useful lives as of the acquisition date:
 
   
Fair Value
    
Useful life
  
         
(In years)
  
             
Marketing Asset (1)
  
$
19,263
      
5
  
Customer Relationships (1)
    
15,386
      
5
  
Technology (1)
    
4,785
      
2
  
GTS Duty Calculator (1)
    
3,398
      
9
  
Total Intangible assets acquired
  
$
42,832
          
 
(1)- The fair value of the assets above were determined using the income approach.
 
The results of operations of Bordrefree have been included in the consolidated financial statements since the acquisition date of July 1, 2022. Borderfree's revenue included in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations from July 1, 2022 through December 31, 2022 was $22,034. There is no practical way to determine net income attributable to Borderfree due to integration.

 

F - 29
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

The following unaudited pro forma financial information is for illustrative purposes only and summarizes the combined results of operations for the Company, Flow, and Borderfree, as though the companies were combined as of January 1, 2021. The unaudited pro forma financial information was as follows (in thousands):
 
   
Year Ended
  
   
December 31,
  
   
(Unaudited)
  
   
2021
    
2022
  
             
Revenues
  
$
332,573
    
$
431,599
  
Net income (loss)
  
$
(124,812
)
  
$
(201,882
)
 
The pro forma financial information for all periods presented above has been calculated after adjusting the results of Flow and Borderfree to reflect the business combinations accounting effects resulting from these acquisitions. It includes pro forma adjustments related to the amortization of acquired intangible assets, share-based compensation expense and alignment of accounting policies.
 
The unaudited pro forma results have been prepared based on estimates and assumptions, which the Company believe are reasonable; however, they are not necessarily indicative of the consolidated results of operations had the acquisition occurred on January 1, 2021, or of future results of operations.

 

7.
Commercial Agreement Assets
 
During the years ended December, 2021 and 2022, the Company recognized assets in connection with commercial agreements with Shopify , in which the Company granted warrants in exchange for the benefit of being an exclusive third-party provider of an end-to-end cross-border solution and for providing a white label solution for Shopify Markets Pro These assets represent the probable future economic benefits to be realized over a four-year expected benefit period and are valued based on the fair value of the vested warrants on the grant date. As of December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023 the Company recognized assets of $280.8 million, $504.7 million $552.1 million associated with the fair value of the vested warrants.
 
During the year ended December 31, 2022 the Company granted Shopify warrants of up to an aggregate of 738,081 Ordinary Shares which will vest upon the achievements of certain performance milestones.
 
As at December 31, 2023, the first milestone has been completed and 246,027 warrants to Ordinary Shares were exercised by Shopify Inc. for the price of $0.01 per share. As the Company estimates that all predetermined terms will be met, the Company recorded expenses related to this warrant to represent the probable future economic benefits to be realized over a four-year expected benefit period. See note 16 for additional information.
 
For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, the Company recorded amortization expenses related to the commercial agreement assets of $84.3 million, $149 million and $150 million, respectively, in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations as a component of sales and marketing expense.
 
Shopify are owners of 13.2% of Global-e outstanding shares as of December 31, 2023. Shopify has undertaken, on behalf of itself and its affiliates, to not cast any votes with respect to Ordinary Shares which provide Shopify with voting power in excess of 9.7% of the Company’s issued and outstanding equity as of December 31, 2023. 

 

F - 30
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

8.
Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities
 
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following:
 
   
December 31,
  
   
2022
    
2023
  
   
(in thousands)
  
                 
Accrued Expenses
  
$
16,185
    
$
25,806
  
Accrued indirect taxes and related liabilities
    
26,347
      
37,654
  
Accrued compensation and benefits
    
19,918
      
26,821
  
Advancements from customers
    
9,163
      
10,522
  
Other current liabilities
   
4,377
      
6,503
  
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities
 
$
75,990
    
$
107,306
  

 

9.
Shareholders’ Equity and Equity incentive Plan
 
  A.
General:
 
The Ordinary Shares entitle their holders to receive notice to participate and vote in general meetings of the Company, the right to share in distributions upon liquidation of the Company, and to receive dividends, if declared.
 
On March 21, 2021, the Company's shareholders approved the change of share capital from NIS 0.01 par value to no par-value.
 
On March 21, 2021, the Company's shareholders approved a share split of the Company’s Ordinary Shares at a ratio of 1-to 600. As a result of the share split, (i) every one authorized, issued and outstanding ordinary share was increased to six hundred (600) of shares authorized, issued and outstanding Ordinary Shares, (ii) the number of Ordinary Shares into which each outstanding option to purchase an Ordinary Share is exercisable was proportionally increased on a 1-to 600 basis, (iii) all share prices and exercise prices were proportionally decreased. All of the share numbers, share prices, and exercise prices have been adjusted within these consolidated financial statements, on a retroactive basis, to reflect this 1-to 600 shares split, and (iv) the conversion ratio for the convertible preferred shares to Ordinary Shares was updated on a 1-to 600 basis.
 
All references to ordinary and convertible preferred shares amounts and per share amounts have been retroactively restated to reflect the change in par value as if it had taken place as of the beginning of the earliest period presented.
 
  B.
Share options plans:
 
In 2013, the Company adopted the Global-e Online Ltd. 2013 Share Incentive Plan (“2013 Plan”), under which the Company may grant various forms of equity incentive compensation at the discretion of the board of directors, including share options. The awards have varying terms, but generally vest over four years. Share options expire between 7 and 10 years after the date of grant. The Company issues new Ordinary Shares upon exercise of share options.
 
In February 2019, the Company extended the contractual term for all share option grants from 7 years to 10 years. The Company concluded that the extension of the contractual term for all share option grants modified the terms of all outstanding share options held by employees and nonemployees.
 
The Company no longer grant any awards under the 2013 Plan as it was superseded by the 2021 Plan, although previously granted awards remain outstanding. Ordinary Shares subject to outstanding options granted under the 2013 Plan that expire or become unexercisable without having been exercised in full will become available again for future grant under the 2021 Plan.
 
F - 31
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

The 2021 Share Incentive Plan, or the 2021 Plan, was adopted by the Company’s board of directors on March 1, 2021. The 2021 Plan provides for the grant of equity-based incentive awards to the Company’s employees, directors, office holders, service providers and consultants in order to incentivize them to increase their efforts on behalf of the Company and to promote the success of the Company’s business.
 
The maximum number Ordinary Shares available for issuance under the 2021 Plan is equal to the sum of (i) 13,500,000 shares, (ii) any shares subject to awards under the 2013 Plan which have expired, or were cancelled, terminated, forfeited or settled in cash in lieu of issuance of shares or became unexercisable without having been exercised, and (iii) an annual increase on the first day of each year beginning in 2022 and on January 1st of each calendar year thereafter during the term of the Plan, equal to five percent (5%) of the outstanding Ordinary Shares of the Company on the last day of the immediately preceding calendar year. No more than 13,500,000 Ordinary Shares may be issued upon the exercise of incentive stock options, or ISOs. If permitted by the Company’s board of directors, shares tendered to pay the exercise price or withholding tax obligations with respect to an award granted under the 2021 Plan or the 2013 Plan may again be available for issuance under the 2021 Plan. The Company’s board of directors may also reduce the number of Ordinary Shares reserved and available for issuance under the 2021 Plan in its discretion.
 
A summary of share option activity under the Company’s equity incentive plan and related information is as follows:
 
   
Options Outstanding
  
   
Outstanding Share Options
    
Weighted-Average Exercise
Price
    
Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)
    
Aggregate Intrinsic
Value
  
   
(in thousands, except share, life and per share data)
  
                         
Balance as of December 31, 2022
   
9,054,293
    
$
2.38
      
6.20
    
$
165,347
  
Granted
   
-
                          
Exercised
   
(1,258,511
)
  
$
1.24
            
$
48,312
  
Forfeited
   
(34,125
)
  
$
2.07
                  
Balance as of December 31, 2023
   
7,761,657
    
$
2.56
      
5.44
    
$
287,694
  
Exercisable as of December 31, 2023
   
7,368,603
    
$
2.47
      
5.37
    
$
294,894
  
 
During the year ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023 no share options were granted. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023 the total intrinsic value of the options exercised were $124,763, $18,991 and $48,312, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, unrecognized share-based compensation cost related to unvested share options was $1,849, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period 0.63 years.
 
F - 32
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

A summary of RSU’s activity under the Company’s equity incentive plan and related information is as follows:
 
   
Amount of RSU’s
    
Weighted average grant date fair value
  
                 
Unvested as of December 31, 2022
   
1,348,682
    
$
36.18
  
Granted
   
1,515,673
      
28.55
  
Vested
   
(757,613
)
    
34.38
  
Forfeited
   
(149,685
)
    
30.08
  
                 
Unvested as of December 31, 2023
    
1,957,057
    
$
31.15
  
 
As of December 31, 2021,2022 and 2023, unrecognized share-based compensation cost related to unvested RSU’s was $23,402, $38,614 and $49,315, respectively, which are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.55, 2.17 and 2.38 years.
 
Share-Based Compensation
 
The share-based compensation expense by line item in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations is summarized as follows:
 
   
Year Ended December 31,
  
   
2021
    
2022
    
2023
  
   
(in thousands)
  
                         
Cost of revenue
 
$
85
    
$
262
    
$
639
  
Research and development
   
4,192
      
21,970
      
26,266
  
Sales and marketing
   
1,287
      
3,877
      
4,259
  
General and administrative
   
6,437
      
12,800
      
13,796
  
Total share-based compensation expense
 
$
12,001
    
$
38,909
    
$
44,960
  
 
The Company has the following Ordinary Shares reserved for future issuance:
 
   
December 31,
  
   
2022
    
2023
  
                 
Outstanding share options
   
9,054,293
      
7,761,657
  
Unvested RSU’s
   
1,348,682
      
1,957,057
  
Remaining shares available for future issuance under the Incentive Plan
   
19,705,622
      
18,370,826
  
                 
Total shares of Ordinary Shares reserved
    
30,108,597
      
28,089,540
  
 
Ordinary Share warrants
 
Ordinary Share warrants are included as a component of additional paid in capital within the consolidated balance sheets.
 
During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company granted warrants to purchase 19,604,239 shares of Ordinary Shares in connection with a commercial agreement with Shopify Inc. The exercise price was $0.01 per share, and the term of the warrants was 10 years. The Company valued the warrants at the grant date using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model. In connection with these warrants, the Company recognized an asset of $423.1 and $470.5 million as of December 31, 2022, and 2023, respectively associated with the fair value of the warrants, of which 19,604,239 were vested and exercised as of December 31, 2023.
 
F - 33
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company granted warrants to purchase 1,289,064 shares of Ordinary Shares in connection with a commercial agreement with Shopify Inc which were all vested and exercised. The exercise price was $0.01 per share, and the term of the warrants was 10 years. The Company valued the warrants at the fair market value at the grant date. In connection with these warrants, the Company recognized an asset of $81.7 million as of December 31, 2022 associated with the fair value of the warrants.
 
During the year ended December 31, 2022 the Company granted warrants of up to an aggregate of 738,081 Ordinary Shares which will vest upon the achievements of certain performance milestones. As of December 31, 2023, the first milestone has been completed and 246,027 warrants to Ordinary Shares were exercised by Shopify Inc for the price of $0.01 per share. As the Company estimates that all predetermined terms will be met, the Company recorded expenses related to this warrant to represent the probable future economic benefits to be realized over a four-year expected benefit period.
 
This asset is recorded in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Refer to Note 7.

 

10.
Leases
 
The Company`s leases include offices worldwide, as well as car leases, which are all classified as operating leases. Certain leases include renewal options that are under the Company`s sole discretion. The renewal options were included in the ROU and liability calculation if it was reasonably certain that the Company will exercise the option.
 
For short-term leases with a term of 12 months or less, operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are not recognized and the Company records lease payments in the Consolidated Statements of Operations on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
 
The components of lease expense and supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023 were as follows:
 
   
Year ended December 31,
  
   
2021
    
2022
    
2023
  
                   
Components of lease expenses
                  
Operating lease cost
  
$
1,406
    
$
3,318
    
$
3,833
  
Short-term lease
  
$
51
    
$
462
    
$
861
  
Total lease expenses
  
$
1,457
    
$
3,780
    
$
4,694
  
 
   
Year ended December 31,
  
   
2021
    
2022
    
2023
  
                   
Supplemental cash flow information
                  
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
  
$
1,015
    
$
2,212
    
$
3,391
  
                         
Supplemental non-cash information related to lease liabilities from obtaining ROU assets
  
$
17,329
    
$
2,862
    
$
6,565
  
 
For the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, the weighted average remaining lease term is 8.04 and 6.88 years, respectively and the weighted average discount rate is 3.82 percent and 4.16 percent, respectively. The discount rate was determined based on the estimated collateralized borrowing rate of the Company, adjusted to the specific lease term and location of each lease.
 
F - 34
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2023 were as follows:
 
   
December 31,
2023
  
   
(in thousands)
  
       
Year Ending December 31,
      
2024
 
$
4,104
  
2025
   
3,869
  
2026
   
3,905
  
2027
   
3,816
  
2028
   
3,717
  
Thereafter
   
7,240
  
Total operating lease payments
  
$
26,651
  
Less: imputed interest
    
3,329
  
Total
 
$
23,322
  

 

11.
Income Taxes
 
  a.
Israeli taxation:
 
  1.
Industry Encouragement (Taxes) Law, 1969
 
In accordance with this status and by virtue of published regulations, the Company is entitled to claim a depreciation deduction at increased rates in respect of equipment used in industrial activity, as stipulated in regulations by virtue of the Adjustments Law. In addition, the Company is entitled to a reduction in respect of a patent or the right to utilize a patent or knowledge, used for the development or promotion of the plant, to deduct expenses for the issuance of shares listed on the stock exchange and to file a consolidated report under certain conditions.
 
  2.
Ordinary taxable income in Israel is subject to a corporate tax rate of 23%.
 
  3.
The Company has not received any final tax assessments since inception. As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s tax years until December 31, 2016 are subject to statutes of limitation in Israel.
 
  4.
The Company has net operating losses from prior tax periods which may be subjected to examination in future periods.
     
F - 35
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

 
  5.
Measurement of taxable income in U.S. dollars:
 
The Company has elected to measure its taxable income and file its tax return under the Israeli Income Tax Regulations (Principles Regarding the Management of Books of Account of Foreign Invested Companies and Certain Partnerships and the Determination of Their Taxable Income), 1986. Accordingly, results for tax purposes are measured in terms of earnings in dollars.
 
  b.
Income taxes of non-Israeli subsidiaries:
 
Non-Israeli subsidiaries are taxed according to the tax laws in their respective countries of residence.
 
As of December 31, 2023, certain foreign subsidiaries of the Company had undistributed earnings of $25,585, which were designated as indefinitely reinvested. If these earnings were repatriated to Israel, it would be subject to income taxes and to an adjustment for foreign tax credits and foreign withholding taxes. The Company has estimated the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability related to these earnings to be approximately $5,885.
 
 
  c.
The components of the net profit (loss) before the provision for income taxes were as follows:

 

   
Year Ended December 31,
  
   
2021
    
2022
    
2023
  
   
(in thousands)
  
                         
Israel
   
(83,028
)
    
(170,138
)
    
(120,835
)
Foreign
    
8,800
      
(31,279
)
    
(10,961
)
                         
Total
   
(74,228
)
    
(201,417
)
    
(131,797
)
 
  d.
The provision for income taxes was as follows:

 

   
Year Ended December 31,
  
   
2021
    
2022
    
2023
  
   
(in thousands)
  
                   
Current:
                  
Israel
  
$
-
    
$
-
    
$
-
  
Foreign
  
$
795
    
$
1,512
    
$
2,059
  
                         
Total current income tax expense
  
$
795
    
$
1,512
    
$
2,059
  
                         
Deferred:
                        
Israel
    
-
      
-
      
-
  
Foreign
    
(90
)
    
(7,524
)
    
(51
)
                         
Total deferred income tax (benefit) expense
    
(90
)
    
(7,524
)
    
(51
)
                         
Total provision for income taxes
  
$
705
    
$
(6,012
)
  
$
2,008
  

 

F - 36
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

  e.
Reconciliation of the theoretical tax expenses:
 
A reconciliation of the Company’s theoretical income tax expense to actual income tax expense is as follows:

 

   
Year Ended December 31,
  
   
2021
    
2022
    
2023
  
   
(in thousands)
  
                         
Theoretical income tax expense (benefit)
   
(17,072
)
  
$
(46,326
)
  
$
(30,313
 )
Change in valuation allowance
   
26,822
      
43,134
      
28,471
  
Return to provision true ups
    
(2,490
)
    
395
      
884
  
Foreign tax rate differentials
   
(76
)
    
311
      
352
  
Shared Based Compensations non-deductible (taxable)
    
(8,148
)
    
(929
)
    
2,402
  
Non-deductible expenses
   
1,517
      
820
      
512
  
Tax rate change impact
    
-
      
(1,883
)
    
(139
)
Foreign exchange impact
   
273
      
874
      
(430
)
State Taxes
    
63
      
(316
)
    
170
  
Valuation allowance on acquisition balances
    
-
      
(3,482
)
    
-
  
R&D credits
    
-
      
-
      
(208
)
Other
   
(184
)
    
1,390
      
307
  
                         
Total
 
$
705
    
$
(6,012
)
  
$
2,008
  
 
  f.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities:
 
Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes.
     
F - 37
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

The following table presents the significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities:
 
   
December 31,
  
   
2022
    
2023
  
   
(in thousands)
  
             
Deferred tax assets:
            
Net operating loss carryforwards *)
    
75,766
      
88,395
  
Research and development expenses
    
9,186
      
21,056
  
Leasing liabilities
    
4,588
      
5,350
  
Accruals and reserves
    
848
      
460
  
Share-based compensation
    
7,758
      
8,902
  
Deferred IPO costs
    
346
      
-
  
R&D tax credits
    
351
      
351
  
Bad debt
    
157
      
149
  
Unrealized Losses from marketable securities
    
482
      
-
  
Gross deferred tax assets
    
99,482
      
124,663
  
Valuation allowance
    
(79,211
)
    
(107,682
)
Total deferred tax assets
    
20,271
      
16,981
  
                 
Deferred tax liabilities:
                
Deferred contract acquisition costs
    
391
      
570
  
Leasing assets
    
4,570
      
4,944
  
Property and equipment
    
42
      
171
  
Intangibles
    
21,577
      
17,790
  
Other
    
78
      
13
  
Gross deferred tax liabilities
    
26,658
      
23,488
  
                 
Deferred taxes assets (liabilities),net
    
(6,387
)
    
(6,507
)
 
*) Refer to note 8g.
 
A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company has established a valuation allowance to offset the deferred tax assets at December 31, 2022 and 2023 due to the uncertainty of realizing future tax benefits from its net operating loss carryforwards and other deferred tax assets. The net change in the total valuation allowance for the year ended December 31, 2023 was a increase of $ 28,471.
 
As of December 31, 2023, the Company had approximately $301,013, $46,148 and $24,530 in net operating loss carryforwards in Israel, UK and US that can be carried forward indefinitely.
 
  g.
Uncertain tax position

 

The Company operates its business in various countries, and accordingly attempts to utilize an efficient operating model to structure its tax payments based on the laws in the countries in which the Company operates. This can cause disputes between the Company and various tax authorities in different parts of the world.
 
F - 38
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions is as follows:
 
   
December 31,
  
   
2022
    
2023
  
   
(in thousands)
  
             
Beginning balance
    
19,389
      
53,670
  
Increases related to tax positions taken during the current year *)
    
34,281
      
-
  
Decrease related to tax positions taken during the current year
    
-
      
(53,670
)
Ending balance
    
53,670
      
-
  
 
*) As of December 31, 2022 unrecognized tax benefit in amount of $53.7 million was related to Net operating loss carryforwards for which the Company has recognized valuation allowance.

 

F - 39
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

12. Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Ordinary Shareholders
 
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to ordinary shareholders for the periods presented:
 
   
Year Ended December 31,
  
   
2021
    
2022
    
2023
  
   
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
  
                   
Basic net loss per share
                  
Numerator:
                  
Allocation of net loss
    
(74,933
)
    
(195,405
)
    
(133,805
)
                         
Allocation of net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders
    
(74,933
)
    
(195,405
)
    
(133,805
)
Denominator:
                        
Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to Ordinary shareholders
    
101,737,026
      
157,691,173
      
164,353,909
  
Basic net loss per share attributable to ordinary shareholders
    
(0.74
)
    
(1.24
)
    
(0.81
)
                         
Diluted net loss per share
                        
Numerator:
                        
Allocation of net loss attributable for diluted computation
    
(74,933
)
    
(195,405
)
    
(133,805
)
                         
Denominator:
                        
Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to ordinary shareholders
    
101,737,026
      
157,691,173
      
164,353,909
  
Diluted net loss per share attributable to ordinary shareholders
    
(0.74
)
    
(1.24
)
    
(0.81
)
 
The potential shares of Ordinary Shares that were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to ordinary shareholders for the periods presented because including them would have been anti-dilutive are as follows:
 
   
Year Ended December 31,
  
   
2021
    
2022
    
2023
  
                         
Unvested RSU’s
    
443,018
      
1,348,682
      
1,957,057
  
Outstanding warrants to Ordinary Shares
    
7,902,480
      
2,713,701
      
492,054
  
Outstanding share options
   
10,132,154
      
9,054,293
      
7,761,657
  
Total
   
18,477,652
      
13,116,676
      
10,210,768
  
 
F - 40
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

13. Related Party Transactions
 
The Company is party to a Commercial Letter with DHL International GmbH (“DHL International”), dated March 27, 2017 and amended on December 7, 2020, pursuant to which the Company has undertaken to use DHL International exclusively for the provision of express shipping services to the Company’s customers, subject to certain exclusions described therein, and DHL International has undertaken certain commitments relating to the prices under which its services are offered to the Company. The current term of the Commercial Letter ends on March 27, 2022 and shall renew automatically thereafter until terminated by either the Company or DHL International upon twelve (12) months’ notice. In addition, the Company is party to a services agreement with DHL International (UK) Limited (“DHL UK”), dated May 21, 2019, under which DHL UK provides the Company with express shipping services relating to the purchase and sale of the Company’s customers’ products. The service agreement continues until terminated by either the Company or DHL UK in accordance with its terms. The consideration paid by the Company to DHL UK pursuant to the service agreement is contingent upon the extent of the shipping services provided. The Company entered similar arrangements with other DHL affiliated entities in the Netherlands, France and Spain. On November 17, 2022, the Company extended this agreement with DHL UK to be in effect until 2025. In connection with these arrangements, the Company recorded expenses included in Cost of revenue in the total amount of $90,315, $129,629 and $177,076 to DHL affiliated entities in the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, the balances of accounts payable and accrued expenses in regards to DHL and its affiliated entities were $36,529and $ 38,412, respectively (including duties charged by DHL).

 

14. Fair Value Measurements
 
Financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis.
 
The following table presents information about the Company’s financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
 
   
December 31, 2023
  
   
Fair value measurements using input type
  
   
Level 1
    
Level 2
    
Level 3
    
Total
  
                         
Assets:
                        
Mutual Funds
  
$
1,344
    
$
-
    
$
-
    
$
1,344
  
Government debentures
    
-
      
718
              
718
  
Corporate debentures
    
-
      
18,341
              
18,341
  
                                 
Total financials assets
  
$
1,344
    
$
19,059
    
$
-
    
$
20,403
  
 
   
December 31, 2022
  
   
Fair value measurements using input type
  
   
Level 1
    
Level 2
    
Level 3
    
Total
  
                         
Assets:
                        
Mutual Funds
  
$
1,258
    
$
-
    
$
-
    
$
1,258
  
Government debentures
    
-
      
789
      
-
      
789
  
Corporate debentures
    
-
      
14,766
      
-
      
14,766
  
                                 
Total financials assets
  
$
1,258
    
$
15,555
    
$
-
    
$
16,813
  

 

F - 41
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

15. Marketable Securities
 
As of December 31, 2022 and 2023 the Company’s held marketable securities classified as available-for-sale securities as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2023
  
   
Amortized
Cost
    
Gross Unrealized Gains
    
Gross Unrealized Losses
    
Fair Value
  
                         
Mutual funds
  
$
1,279
    
$
65
    
$
-
    
$
1,344
  
Government debentures
    
1,158
      
-
      
(440
)
    
718
  
Corporate debentures
    
19,386
      
118
      
(1,163
)
    
18,341
  
   
$
21,823
    
$
183
    
$
(1,603
)
  
$
20,403
  
 
   
December 31, 2022
  
   
Amortized
Cost
    
Gross Unrealized Gains
    
Gross Unrealized Losses
    
Fair Value
  
                         
Mutual funds
  
$
1,274
    
$
3
    
$
(19
)
  
$
1,258
  
Government debentures
    
1,157
      
-
      
(368
)
    
789
  
Corporate debentures
    
16,307
      
13
      
(1,554
)
    
14,766
  
   
$
18,738
    
$
16
    
$
(1,941
)
  
$
16,813
  

 

F - 42
Global-e Online Ltd.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

The Following table summarizes the Compnay's marketable securities by contractual maturities:
 
   
December 31,
2023
  
   
(in thousands )
  
         
Within one year
    
3,477
  
After one year through five years
    
5,091
  
After 5 years through 10 years
    
2,695
  
After 10 years
    
918
  
     
12,181
  
 
As of December 31, 2023 the Company invests in marketable securities without a single maturity date in the amount of $8,222.
 
The following table presents fair value and gross unrealized losses of the Company's marketable securities, which have been in a continuous loss position for less than 12 months:
 
   
December 31, 2022
    
December 31, 2023
  
   
Fair Value
    
Unrealized Loss
    
Fair Value
    
Unrealized Loss
  
                                 
Mutual Funds
  
$
1,258
    
$
(19
)
  
$
-
    
$
-
  
Government debentures
    
789
      
(368
)
    
-
      
-
  
Corporate debentures
    
3,308
      
(315
)
    
488
      
(5
)
Total
  
$
5,355
    
$
(702
)
  
$
488
    
$
(5
)
 
The following table presents fair value and gross unrealized losses of the Company's marketable securities, which have been in a continuous loss position for 12 months or longer:
 
   
December 31, 2022
    
December 31, 2023
  
   
Fair Value
    
Unrealized Loss
    
Fair Value
    
Unrealized Loss
  
                                 
Mutual Funds
  
$
-
    
$
-
    
$
-
    
$
-
  
Government debentures
    
-
      
-
      
1,157
      
(440
)
Corporate debentures
    
10,447
      
(1,239
)
    
18,866
      
(1,157
)
Total
  
$
10,447
    
$
(1,239
)
  
$
20,023
    
$
(1,597
)
 
For the year ended December 31,2023 the unrealized losses related to marketable securities were as a result of market fluctuations and not due to credit related losses, therefore, the Company did not record an allowance for credit losses for its available-for-sales marketable securities.

 

16. Subsequent Events
 
In March 2024, Shopify became entitled to the second performance-based vesting of 246,027 warrants to Ordinary Shares at the exercise price of $0.01 per share.
 
F - 43
Exhibit 2.2

DESCRIPTION OF THE REGISTRANT’S SECURITIES
REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12 OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED
 
As of December 31, 2023, Global-e Online Ltd. had one class of securities registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“our ordinary shares”). References herein to “we,” “us,” “our” and the “Company” refer to Global-e Online Ltd and not to any of its subsidiaries. The following description may not contain all of the information that is important to you, and we therefore refer you to our amended and restated articles of association, a copy of which is filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) as an exhibit to this annual report on Form 20-F.

Share Capital

As of December 31, 2023, we had 165,773,914 ordinary shares outstanding.
 
Our board of directors may determine the issue prices and terms for such shares or other securities, and may further determine any other provision relating to such issue of shares or securities. We may also issue and redeem redeemable securities on such terms and in such manner as our board of directors shall determine.
 
All of our outstanding ordinary shares are validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable. Our ordinary shares are not redeemable and do not have any preemptive rights.

Registration Number and Purposes of the Company

We are registered with the Israeli Registrar of Companies. Our registration number is 51-488953-4. Our affairs are governed by our amended and restated articles of association, applicable Israeli law and Companies Law. Our purpose as set forth in our amended and restated articles of association is to engage in any lawful act or activity.

Voting Rights

All ordinary shares will have identical voting and other rights in all respects.

Transfer of Shares

Our fully paid ordinary shares are issued in registered form and may be freely transferred under our amended and restated articles of association, unless the transfer is restricted or prohibited by another instrument, applicable law or the rules of The Nasdaq Global Select Market. The ownership or voting of our ordinary shares by non-residents of Israel is not restricted in any way by our amended and restated articles of association or the laws of the State of Israel, except for ownership by nationals of some countries that are, have been, or will be, in a state of war with Israel.
 
Election of Directors

Under our amended and restated articles of association, our board of directors must consist of not less than three but no more than eleven directors. Pursuant to our amended and restated articles of association, each of our directors will be appointed by a simple majority vote of holders of our ordinary shares, participating and voting at an annual general meeting of our shareholders, provided that (i) in the event of a contested election, the method of calculation of the votes and the manner in which the resolutions will be presented to our shareholders at the general meeting shall be determined by our board of directors in its discretion, and (ii) in the event that our board of directors does not or is unable to make a determination on such matter, then the directors will be elected by a plurality of the voting power represented at the general meeting in person or by proxy and voting on the election of directors. In addition, our directors are divided into three classes, one class being elected each year at the annual general meeting of our shareholders, and serve on our board of directors until the third annual general meeting following such election or re-election or until they are removed by a vote of at least 70% of the total voting power of our shareholders at a general meeting of our shareholders or upon the occurrence of certain events in accordance with the Companies Law and our amended and restated articles of association. In addition, our amended and restated articles of association provide that vacancies on our board of directors may be filled by a vote of a simple majority of the directors then in office. A director so appointed will hold office until the next annual general meeting of our shareholders for the election of the class of directors in respect of which the vacancy was created, or in the case of a vacancy due to the number of directors being less than the maximum number of directors stated in our amended and restated articles of association, until the next annual general meeting of our shareholders for the election of the class of directors to which such director was assigned by our board of directors.
 
Dividend and Liquidation Rights

We may declare a dividend to be paid to the holders of our ordinary shares in proportion to their respective shareholdings. Under the Companies Law, dividend distributions are determined by the board of directors and do not require the approval of the shareholders of a company unless the company’s articles of association provide otherwise. Our amended and restated articles of association do not require shareholder approval of a dividend distribution and provide that dividend distributions may be determined by our board of directors.

Pursuant to the Companies Law, the distribution amount is limited to the greater of retained earnings or earnings generated over the previous two years, according to our then last reviewed or audited financial statements (less the amount of previously distributed dividends, if not reduced from the earnings), provided that the end of the period to which the financial statements relate is not more than six months prior to the date of the distribution. If we do not meet such criteria, then we may distribute dividends only with court approval; as a company listed on an exchange outside of Israel, however, court approval is not required if the proposed distribution is in the form of an equity repurchase, provided that we notify our creditors of the proposed equity repurchase and allow such creditors an opportunity to initiate a court proceeding to review the repurchase. If within 30 days such creditors do not file an objection, then we may proceed with the repurchase without obtaining court approval.. In each case, we are only permitted to distribute a dividend if our board of directors and, if applicable, the court determines that there is no reasonable concern that payment of the dividend will prevent us from satisfying our existing and foreseeable obligations as they become due.
 
In the event of our liquidation, after satisfaction of liabilities to creditors, our assets will be distributed to the holders of our ordinary shares in proportion to their shareholdings. This right, as well as the right to receive dividends, may be affected by the grant of preferential dividend or distribution rights to the holders of a class of shares with preferential rights that may be authorized in the future.

Registration Rights

Certain of our shareholders are entitled to certain registration rights under the terms of our amended and restated investors’ rights agreement.

Shareholder Meetings

Under Israeli law, we are required to hold an annual general meeting of our shareholders once every calendar year and no later than 15 months after the date of the previous annual general meeting. All meetings other than the annual general meeting of shareholders are referred to in our amended and restated articles of association as special general meetings. Our board of directors may call special general meetings of our shareholders whenever it sees fit, at such time and place, within or outside of Israel, as it may determine. In addition, the Companies Law provides that our board of directors is required to convene a special general meeting of our shareholders upon the written request of (i) any two or more of our directors, (ii) one-quarter or more of the serving members of our board of directors or (iii) as a company listed on an exchange in the U.S., one or more shareholders holding, in the aggregate, either (a) 10% or more of our outstanding issued shares and 1% or more of our outstanding voting power or (b) 10% or more of our outstanding voting power.
 
Under Israeli law, one or more shareholders holding at least 1% of the voting rights at the general meeting of shareholders may request that the board of directors include a matter in the agenda of a general meeting of shareholders to be convened in the future, provided that it is appropriate to discuss such a matter at the general meeting. Notwithstanding the foregoing, as a company listed on an exchange outside of Israel, a matter relating to the appointment or removal of a director may only be requested by one or more shareholders holding at least 5% of the voting rights at the general meeting of the shareholders. Our amended and restated articles of association contain procedural guidelines and disclosure items with respect to the submission of shareholder proposals for general meetings.
 
Subject to the provisions of the Companies Law and the regulations promulgated thereunder, shareholders entitled to participate and vote at general meetings of shareholders are the shareholders of record on a date to be decided by the board of directors, which, as a company listed on an exchange outside Israel, may be between four and 40 days prior to the date of the meeting. Furthermore, the Companies Law requires that resolutions regarding the following matters must be passed at a general meeting of shareholders:
 
 
•
 
amendments to our amended and restated articles of association;
 
 
•
 
appointment, terms of service or and termination of service of our auditors;
 
 
•
 
appointment of directors, including external directors (if applicable);
 
 
•
 
approval of certain related party transactions;
 
 
•
 
increases or reductions of our authorized share capital;
 
 
•
 
a merger; and
 
 
•
 
the exercise of our board of directors’ powers by a general meeting, if our board of directors is unable to exercise its powers and the exercise of any of its powers is required for our proper management.
 
The Companies Law requires that a notice of any annual general meeting or special general meeting be provided to shareholders at least 21 days prior to the meeting and, if the agenda of the meeting includes (among other things) the appointment or removal of directors, the approval of transactions with office holders or interested or related parties, or an approval of a merger, notice must be provided at least 35 days prior to the meeting. Under the Companies Law and our amended and restated articles of association, shareholders are not permitted to take action by way of written consent in lieu of a meeting.
 
Quorum

Pursuant to our amended and restated articles of association, holders of our ordinary shares have one vote for each ordinary share held on all matters submitted to a vote before the shareholders at a general meeting of shareholders. The quorum required for our general meetings of shareholders consists of at least two shareholders present in person or by proxy who hold or represent at least 331/3% of the total voting power of our shares, except that if (i) any such general meeting was initiated by and convened pursuant to a resolution adopted by the board of directors and (ii) at the time of such general meeting we qualify as a “foreign private issuer,” in which case the requisite quorum will consist of two or more shareholders present in person or by proxy who hold or represent at least 25% of the total voting power of our shares. The requisite quorum shall be present within half an hour of the time fixed for the commencement of the general meeting. A general meeting adjourned for lack of a quorum shall be adjourned either to the same day in the next week, at the same time and place, to such day and at such time and place as indicated in the notice to such meeting, or to such day and at such time and place as the chairperson of the meeting shall determine. At the reconvened meeting, any number of shareholders present in person or by proxy shall constitute a quorum, unless a meeting was called pursuant to a request by our shareholders, in which case the quorum required is one or more shareholders, present in person or by proxy and holding the number of shares required to call the meeting as described above.

Vote Requirements
 
Our amended and restated articles of association provide that all resolutions of our shareholders require a simple majority vote, unless otherwise required by the Companies Law or by our amended and restated articles of association. Under the Companies Law, certain actions require the approval of a special majority, including: (i) an extraordinary transaction with a controlling shareholder or in which the controlling shareholder has a personal interest, (ii) the terms of employment or other engagement of a controlling shareholder of the company or a controlling shareholder’s relative (even if such terms are not extraordinary) and (iii) certain compensation-related matters described above under “Management—Compensation Committee—Compensation Policy under the Companies Law.” Under our amended and restated articles of association, the alteration of the rights, privileges, preferences or obligations of any class of our shares (to the extent there are classes other than ordinary shares) requires the approval of a simple majority of the class so affected (or such other percentage of the relevant class that may be set forth in the governing documents relevant to such class), in addition to a majority of all classes of shares voting together as a single class at a shareholder meeting.

Under our amended and restated articles of association, the approval of the holders of at least 70% of the total voting power of our shareholders is generally required to remove any of our directors from office, to amend the provision requiring the approval of at least 70% of the total voting power of our shareholders to remove any of our directors from office, or certain other provisions regarding our staggered board, shareholder proposals, the size of our board and plurality voting in contested elections. Another exception to the simple majority vote requirement is a resolution for the voluntary winding up, or an approval of a scheme of arrangement or reorganization, of the company pursuant to Section 350 of the Companies Law, which requires the approval of holders holding at least 75% of the voting rights represented at the meeting and voting on the resolution.
 
Access to Corporate Records

Under the Companies Law, all shareholders generally have the right to review minutes of our general meetings, our shareholder register (including with respect to material shareholders), our amended and restated articles of association, our financial statements, other documents as provided in the Companies Law, and any document we are required by law to file publicly with the Israeli Registrar of Companies or the Israeli Securities Authority. Any shareholder who specifies the purpose of its request may request to review any document in our possession that relates to any action or transaction with a related party which requires shareholder approval under the Companies Law. We may deny a request to review a document if we determine that the request was not made in good faith, that the document contains a trade secret or a patent or that the document’s disclosure may otherwise impair our interests.

Acquisitions under Israeli Law

Full Tender Offer

A person wishing to acquire shares of a public Israeli company who would, as a result, hold over 90% of the target company’s voting rights or the target company’s issued and outstanding share capital (or of a class thereof), is required by the Companies Law to make a tender offer to all of the company’s shareholders for the purchase of all of the issued and outstanding shares of the company (or the applicable class). If (a) the shareholders who do not accept the offer hold less than 5% of the issued and outstanding share capital of the company (or the applicable class) and the shareholders who accept the offer constitute a majority of the offerees that do not have a personal interest in the acceptance of the tender offer or (b) the shareholders who did not accept the tender offer hold less than 2% of the issued and outstanding share capital of the company (or of the applicable class), all of the shares that the acquirer offered to purchase will be transferred to the acquirer by operation of law. A shareholder who had its shares so transferred may petition an Israeli court within six months from the date of acceptance of the full tender offer, regardless of whether such shareholder agreed to the offer, to determine whether the tender offer was for less than fair value and whether the fair value should be paid as determined by the court. However, an offeror may provide in the offer that a shareholder who accepted the offer will not be entitled to petition the court for appraisal rights as described in the preceding sentence, as long as the offeror and the company disclosed the information required by law in connection with the full tender offer. If the full tender offer was not accepted in accordance with any of the above alternatives, the acquirer may not acquire shares of the company that will increase its holdings to more than 90% of the company’s voting rights or the company’s issued and outstanding share capital (or of the applicable class) from shareholders who accepted the tender offer. Shares purchased in contradiction to the full tender offer rules under the Companies Law will have no rights and will become dormant shares.
 
Special Tender Offer

The Companies Law provides that an acquisition of shares of an Israeli public company must be made by means of a special tender offer if as a result of the acquisition the purchaser would become a holder of 25% or more of the voting rights in the company. This requirement does not apply if there is already another holder of 25% or more of the voting rights in the company. Similarly, the Companies Law provides that an acquisition of shares of an Israeli public company must be made by means of a special tender offer if as a result of the acquisition the purchaser would become a holder of more than 45% of the voting rights in the company, if there is no other shareholder of the company who holds more than 45% of the voting rights in the company. These requirements do not apply if (i) the acquisition occurs in the context of a private placement by the company that received shareholder approval as a private placement whose purpose is to give the purchaser 25% or more of the voting rights in the company, if there is no person who holds 25% or more of the voting rights in the company or as a private placement whose purpose is to give the purchaser 45% of the voting rights in the company, if there is no person who holds 45% of the voting rights in the company, (ii) the acquisition was from a shareholder holding 25% or more of the voting rights in the company and resulted in the purchaser becoming a holder of 25% or more of the voting rights in the company, or (iii) the acquisition was from a shareholder holding more than 45% of the voting rights in the company and resulted in the purchaser becoming a holder of more than 45% of the voting rights in the company. A special tender offer must be extended to all shareholders of a company. A special tender offer may be consummated only if (i) at least 5% of the voting power attached to the company’s outstanding shares will be acquired by the offeror and (ii) the number of shares tendered in the offer exceeds the number of shares whose holders objected to the offer (excluding the purchaser, its controlling shareholders, holders of 25% or more of the voting rights in the company and any person having a personal interest in the acceptance of the tender offer, or anyone on their behalf, including any such person’s relatives and entities under their control).
 
In the event that a special tender offer is made, a company’s board of directors is required to express its opinion on the advisability of the offer, or shall abstain from expressing any opinion if it is unable to do so, provided that it gives the reasons for its abstention. The board of directors shall also disclose any personal interest that any of the directors has with respect to the special tender offer or in connection therewith. An office holder in a target company who, in his or her capacity as an office holder, performs an action the purpose of which is to cause the failure of an existing or foreseeable special tender offer or is to impair the chances of its acceptance, is liable to the potential purchaser and shareholders for damages, unless such office holder acted in good faith and had reasonable grounds to believe he or she was acting for the benefit of the company. However, office holders of the target company may negotiate with the potential purchaser in order to improve the terms of the special tender offer, and may further negotiate with third parties in order to obtain a competing offer.
 
If a special tender offer is accepted, then shareholders who did not respond to or that had objected the offer may accept the offer within four days of the last day set for the acceptance of the offer and they will be considered to have accepted the offer from the first day it was made.
 
In the event that a special tender offer is accepted, then the purchaser or any person or entity controlling it or under common control with the purchaser or such controlling person or entity at the time of the offer may not make a subsequent tender offer for the purchase of shares of the target company and may not enter into a merger with the target company for a period of one year from the date of the offer, unless the purchaser or such person or entity undertook to effect such an offer or merger in the initial special tender offer. Shares purchased in contradiction to the special tender offer rules under the Companies Law will have no rights and will become dormant shares.

Merger

The Companies Law permits merger transactions if approved by each party’s board of directors and, unless certain conditions described under the Companies Law are met, a simple majority of the outstanding shares of each party to the merger that are represented and voting on the merger. The board of directors of a merging company is required pursuant to the Companies Law to discuss and determine whether in its opinion there exists a reasonable concern that as a result of a proposed merger, the surviving company will not be able to satisfy its obligations towards its creditors, such determination taking into account the financial status of the merging companies. If the board of directors determines that such a concern exists, it may not approve a proposed merger. Following the approval of the board of directors of each of the merging companies, the boards of directors must jointly prepare a merger proposal for submission to the Israeli Registrar of Companies.
 
For purposes of the shareholder vote of a merging company whose shares are held by the other merging company, or by a person or entity holding 25% or more of the voting rights at the general meeting of shareholders of the other merging company, or by a person or entity holding the right to appoint 25% or more of the directors of the other merging company, unless a court rules otherwise, the merger will not be deemed approved if a majority of the shares voted on the matter at the general meeting of shareholders (excluding abstentions) that are held by shareholders other than the other party to the merger, or by any person or entity who holds 25% or more of the voting rights of the other party or the right to appoint 25% or more of the directors of the other party, or any one on their behalf including their relatives or corporations controlled by any of them, vote against the merger. In addition, if the non-surviving entity of the merger has more than one class of shares, the merger must be approved by each class of shareholders. If the transaction would have been approved but for the separate approval of each class or the exclusion of the votes of certain shareholders as provided above, a court may still approve the merger upon the request of holders of at least 25% of the voting rights of a company, if the court holds that the merger is fair and reasonable, taking into account the valuation of the merging companies and the consideration offered to the shareholders. If a merger is with a company’s controlling shareholder or if the controlling shareholder has a personal interest in the merger, then the merger is instead subject to the same special majority approval that governs all extraordinary transactions with controlling shareholders.
 
Under the Companies Law, each merging company must deliver to its secured creditors the merger proposal and inform its unsecured creditors of the merger proposal and its content. Upon the request of a creditor of either party to the proposed merger, the court may delay or prevent the merger if it concludes that there exists a reasonable concern that, as a result of the merger, the surviving company will be unable to satisfy the obligations of the merging company, and may further give instructions to secure the rights of creditors.
 
In addition, a merger may not be completed unless at least 50 days have passed from the date that a proposal for approval of the merger is filed with the Israeli Registrar of Companies and 30 days from the date that shareholder approval of both merging companies is obtained.

Anti-Takeover Measures

The Companies Law allows us to create and issue shares having rights different from those attached to our ordinary shares, including shares providing certain preferred rights with respect to voting, distributions or other matters and shares having preemptive rights. No preferred shares are authorized under our amended and restated articles of association. In the future, if we do authorize, create and issue a specific class of preferred shares, such class of shares, depending on the specific rights that may be attached to it, may have the ability to frustrate or prevent a takeover or otherwise prevent our shareholders from realizing a potential premium over the market value of their ordinary shares. The authorization and designation of a class of preferred shares will require an amendment to our amended and restated articles of association, which requires the prior approval of the holders of at least 70% of the voting power of the shareholders, at a general meeting of our shareholders. The convening of the meeting, the shareholders entitled to participate and the vote required to be obtained in such a meeting will be subject to the requirements set forth in the Companies Law and our amended and restated articles of association, as described above in “—Shareholder Meetings.” In addition, as disclosed under “—Election of Directors,” we have a classified board structure, which effectively limits the ability of any investor or potential investor or group of investors or potential investors to gain control of our board of directors.
 
Borrowing Powers
 
Pursuant to the Companies Law and our amended and restated articles of association, our board of directors may exercise all powers and take all actions that are not required under law or under our amended and restated articles of association to be exercised or taken by our shareholders, including the power to borrow money for company purposes.
 
Changes in Capital

Our amended and restated articles of association enable us to increase or reduce our share capital. Any such changes are subject to Israeli law and must be approved by a resolution duly passed by our shareholders at a general meeting of shareholders. In addition, transactions that have the effect of reducing capital, such as the declaration and payment of dividends in the absence of sufficient retained earnings or profits, require the approval of both our board of directors and an Israeli court.
 
Exclusive Forum
 
Our amended and restated articles of association provide that unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. Our amended and restated articles of association also provide that unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the competent courts in Tel Aviv, Israel shall be the exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Company, any action asserting a breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees to the Company or our shareholders or any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Companies Law or the Israeli Securities Law.
 
Exhibit 8.1

Legal Name of Subsidiary
(100% ownership unless stated otherwise)
Direct Parent Company
Jurisdiction of Organization
Global-e Online Pte Ltd.
Global-e Online Ltd.
Singapore
Global-e US Inc.
Global-e Online Ltd.
Delaware, United States
Borderfree Inc.
Global-e US Inc.
Delaware, United States
Borderfree Research and Development
Borderfree Inc.
Israel
Pitney Bowes PayCo US Inc.
Global-e US Inc.
Delaware, United States
Flow Commerce Inc.
Global-e US Inc.
Delaware, United States
Flow Commerce Limited
Flow Commerce Inc.
Ireland
Flow Commerce Australia Pty
Flow Commerce Inc.
Australia
Flow Commerce Canada Inc.
Flow Commerce Inc.
Canada
Flow Trading Shanghai Company Limited
Flow Commerce Inc.
China
Flow Commerce UK LTD
Flow Commerce Inc.
England
Global-e Solutions Ltd.
Global-e Online Ltd.
Israel
Global-e Solutions Korea Ltd.
Global-e Solutions Ltd.
Korea
Global-e Panama Inc.
Global-e Solutions Ltd.
Panama
Globale UK Ltd.
Global-e Online Ltd.
England
Global-e Japan KK
Globale UK Ltd.
Japan
Global-e CH AG
Globale UK Ltd.
Switzerland
Global-e Canada e-commerce Ltd.
Globale UK Ltd.
Canada
Borderfree UK Limited
Globale UK Ltd.
England
Global-e NL B.V.
Globale UK Ltd.
The Netherlands
Olami E-commerce Solutions Ireland Limited
Globale UK Ltd.
Ireland
Global-e France SAS
Globale UK Ltd.
France
Crossborder Global Apparel and Equipment Trading LLC
Globale UK Ltd.
Department of Economic Development Dubai (DED), UAE
Crossborder Global Apparel And Equipment Trading LLC (DMCC Branch)
Crossborder Global Apparel
And Equipment Trading LLC
Dubai Multi Commodities Center, UAE
Global-e South Africa (PTY) Ltd.
Globale UK Ltd.
South Africa
Global-e Spain S.L.
Globale UK Ltd.
Spain
Global-e Australia Pty. Ltd.
Globale UK Ltd.
Australia
Crossborder Solutions for E-commerce Ltd.
(holding 99.8%)
Globale UK Ltd.
Egypt
International E-commerce Solutions Morocco Ltd.
Globale UK Ltd. and Global-e CH AG
Morocco
Global-e HK Limited
Globale UK Ltd.
Hong Kong
Global-e (Beijing) Technology Co. Ltd.
Global-e HK Limited
China
Global-e Middle East FZCO
Globale UK Ltd.
Dubai Airport Free Zone Autority, UAE
Global-e Middle East FZCO (Dubai Branch)
Global-e Middle East FZCO
Jebel Ali Free Zone Authority, UAE
E-Commerce Global-e Middle East FZCO
Global-e Middle East FZCO
Dubai CommerCity, UAE
Pitney Bowes Payco Holdings Limited
Globale UK Ltd.
Ireland
Borderfree Payco Australia PTY Ltd.
Pitney Bowes Payco Holdings Limited
Australia
Borderfree PayCo Canada Ltd.
Pitney Bowes Payco Holdings Limited
Canada
Borderfree PayCo Japan KK
Pitney Bowes Payco Holdings Limited
Japan
Pitney Bowes PayCo UK Limited
Pitney Bowes Payco Holdings Limited
England
Borderfree PayCo Singapore Pte. Ltd.
Pitney Bowes Payco Holdings Limited
Singapore
Borderfree PayCo Switzerland GmbH
Pitney Bowes Payco Holdings Limited
Switzerland

Exhibit 12.1

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO EXCHANGE ACT RULE
13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY
ACT OF 2002

I, Amir Schlachet, Chief Executive Officer, certify that:

 
1.
I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 20-F of Global-E Online Ltd. (the “Company”);
 
 
2.
Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
 
 
3.
Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
 
 
4.
The Company’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Company and have:
 
 
(a)
Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
 
 
(b)
Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
 
 
(c)
Evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
 
 
(d)
Disclosed in this report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
 
 
5.
The Company’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
 
 
(a)
All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
 
 
(b)
Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: March 28, 2024

By:  
/s/ Amir Schlachet
 
Amir Schlachet
 
Chief Executive Officer
 
(Principal Executive Officer)

Exhibit 12.2

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO EXCHANGE
ACT RULE 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE
SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Ofer Koren, Chief Financial Officer, certify that:

 
1.
I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 20-F of Global-E Online Ltd. (the “Company”);
 
 
2.
Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
 
 
3.
Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
 
 
4.
The Company’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Company and have:
 
 
(a)
Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
 
 
(b)
Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
 
 
(c)
Evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
 
 
(d)
Disclosed in this report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
 
 
5.
The Company’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
 
 
(a)
All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
 
 
(b)
Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: March 28, 2024

By:  
/s/ Ofer Koren
 
Ofer Koren
 
Chief Financial Officer
 
(Principal Financial Officer)

Exhibit 13.1

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Annual Report on Form 20-F of Global-E Online Ltd. (the “Company”) for the year ended December 31, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I Amir Schlachet, the Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge:

(1)
The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and
 
 
(2)
The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: March 28, 2024

By:  
/s/ Amir Schlachet
 
Amir Schlachet
 
Chief Executive Officer
 
(Principal Executive Officer)

Exhibit 13.2

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Annual Report on Form 20-F of Global-E Online Ltd. (the “Company”) for the year ended December 31, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Ofer Koren, the Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge:

(1)
The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and
 
 
(2)
The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: March 28, 2024

By:  
/s/ Ofer Koren
 
Ofer Koren
 
Chief Financial Officer
 
(Principal Financial Officer)

Exhibit 15.1

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
 
We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements (Form S-8 No. 333-256403 and 333-264156) pertaining to the Global-E Online Ltd. 2013 Share Option Plan and Global-E Online Ltd. 2021 Share Incentive Plan of our reports dated March 28, 2024, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Global-E Online Ltd., and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of Global-E Online Ltd., included in this Annual Report (Form 20-F) for the year ended December 31, 2023.

/s/ Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer
Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer
A Member of EY Global
 
Tel-Aviv, Israel
March 28, 2024


Exhibit 97.1

GLOBAL-E ONLINE LTD.
POLICY FOR RECOVERY OF ERRONEOUSLY AWARDED COMPENSATION
 
Global-e Online Ltd. (the “Company”) has adopted this Policy for Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation (the “Policy”), effective as of October 2, 2023 (the “Effective Date”).  Capitalized terms used in this Policy but not otherwise defined herein are defined in Section 11.
 
1.
Persons Subject to Policy
 
This Policy shall apply to current and former Officers of the Company. Each Officer shall be required to sign an acknowledgment pursuant to which such Officer will agree to be bound by the terms of, and comply with, this Policy; however, any Officer’s failure to sign any such acknowledgment shall not negate the application of this Policy to the Officer. In addition, the Committee and the Board may apply this Policy to persons who are not Officers, and such application shall apply in the manner determined by the Committee and the Board in their sole discretion.
 
2.
Compensation Subject to Policy
 
This Policy shall apply to Incentive-Based Compensation received on or after the Effective Date. For purposes of this Policy, the date on which Incentive-Based Compensation is “received” shall be determined under the Applicable Rules, which generally provide that Incentive-Based Compensation is “received” in the Company’s fiscal period during which the relevant Financial Reporting Measure is attained or satisfied, without regard to whether the grant, vesting or payment of the Incentive-Based Compensation occurs after the end of that period.
 
3.
Recovery of Compensation
 
In the event that the Company is required to prepare a Restatement, the Company shall recover, reasonably promptly and in accordance with Section 4 below, the portion of any Incentive-Based Compensation that is Erroneously Awarded Compensation, unless the Committee and the Board have determined that recovery from the relevant current or former Officer would be Impracticable. Recovery shall be required in accordance with the preceding sentence regardless of whether the applicable Officer engaged in misconduct or otherwise caused or contributed to the requirement for the Restatement and regardless of whether or when restated financial statements are filed by the Company.  For clarity, the recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation under this Policy will not give rise to any Officer’s right to voluntarily terminate employment for “good reason” or due to a “constructive termination” (or any similar term of like effect) under any plan, program or policy of or agreement with the Company or any of its affiliates.
 
4.
Manner of Recovery; Limitation on Duplicative Recovery
 
The Committee and the Board shall, in its sole discretion, determine the manner of recovery of any Erroneously Awarded Compensation, which may include, without limitation, reduction or cancellation by the Company or an affiliate of the Company of Incentive-Based Compensation or Erroneously Awarded Compensation, reimbursement or repayment by any person subject to this Policy, and, to the extent permitted by law, an offset of the Erroneously Awarded Compensation against other compensation payable by the Company or an affiliate of the Company to such person. Notwithstanding the foregoing, unless otherwise prohibited by the Applicable Rules, to the extent this Policy provides for recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation already recovered by the Company pursuant to Section 304 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 or Other Recovery Arrangements, the amount of Erroneously Awarded Compensation already recovered by the Company from the recipient of such Erroneously Awarded Compensation may be credited to the amount of Erroneously Awarded Compensation required to be recovered pursuant to this Policy from such person.
 
5.
Administration
 
This Policy shall be administered, interpreted and construed by the Committee, which is authorized to make all determinations necessary, appropriate or advisable for such purpose. The Board may re-vest in itself the authority to administer, interpret and construe this Policy in accordance with applicable law, and in such event references herein to the “Committee” shall be deemed to be references to the Board.  Subject to any permitted review by the applicable national securities exchange or association pursuant to the Applicable Rules, all determinations and decisions made by the Committee pursuant to the provisions of this Policy shall be final, conclusive and binding on all persons, including the Company and its affiliates, shareholders and employees. The Committee may delegate administrative duties with respect to this Policy to one or more directors or employees of the Company, as permitted under applicable law, including any Applicable Rules.
 
6.
Interpretation
 
This Policy shall be interpreted and applied in a manner that is consistent with the requirements of the Applicable Rules, and to the extent this Policy is inconsistent with such Applicable Rules, it shall be deemed amended to the minimum extent necessary to ensure compliance therewith.
 
7.
No Indemnification; No Liability
 
The Company shall not indemnify or insure any person against the loss of any Erroneously Awarded Compensation pursuant to this Policy, nor shall the Company directly or indirectly pay or reimburse any person for any premiums for third-party insurance policies that such person may elect to purchase to fund such person’s potential obligations under this Policy.  None of the Company, an affiliate of the Company or any member of the Committee or the Board shall have any liability to any person as a result of actions taken under this Policy.
 
8.
Application; Enforceability
 
Except as otherwise determined by the Committee or the Board, the adoption of this Policy does not limit, and is intended to apply in addition to, any Other Recovery Arrangements. Without limiting the foregoing, in the event of a conflict between this Policy and the Compensation Policy, the latter shall prevail, except with respect to the recovery of any portion of Incentive-Based Compensation that is Erroneously Awarded Compensation that would not be recoverable under the Compensation Policy, in which case this Policy shall prevail.  Subject to Section 4, the remedy specified in this Policy shall not be exclusive and shall be in addition to every other right or remedy at law or in equity that may be available to the Company or an affiliate of the Company or is otherwise required by applicable law and regulations.
 
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9.
Severability
 
The provisions in this Policy are intended to be applied to the fullest extent of the law; provided, however, to the extent that any provision of this Policy is found to be unenforceable or invalid under any applicable law, such provision will be applied to the maximum extent permitted, and shall automatically be deemed amended in a manner consistent with its objectives to the extent necessary to conform to any limitations required under applicable law.
 
10.
Amendment and Termination
 
The Board or the Committee may amend, modify or terminate this Policy in whole or in part at any time and from time to time in its sole discretion. This Policy will terminate automatically when the Company does not have a class of securities listed on a national securities exchange or association in the U.S.
 
11.
Definitions
 
“Applicable Rules” means Section 10D of the Exchange Act, Rule 10D-1 promulgated thereunder, the listing rules of the national securities exchange or association on which the Company’s securities are listed, and any applicable rules, standards or other guidance adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission or any national securities exchange or association on which the Company’s securities are listed.

“Board” means the Board of Directors of the Company.
 
“Compensation Policy” means the Company’s compensation policy for officers and directors, as adopted in accordance with the Israeli Companies Law 5759-1999 and as in effect from time to time.
 
“Committee” means the Compensation Committee of the Board or, in the absence of such a committee, a majority of the independent directors serving on the Board.
 
“Erroneously Awarded Compensation” means the amount of Incentive-Based Compensation received by a current or former Officer that exceeds the amount of Incentive-Based Compensation that would have been received by such current or former Officer based on a restated Financial Reporting Measure, as determined on a pre-tax basis in accordance with the Applicable Rules.
 
“Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
 
“Financial Reporting Measure” means any measure determined and presented in accordance with the accounting principles used in preparing the Company’s financial statements, and any measures derived wholly or in part from such measures, including GAAP, IFRS and non-GAAP/IFRS financial measures, as well as stock price and total shareholder return.
 
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“GAAP” means United States generally accepted accounting principles.
 
“IFRS” means international financial reporting standards as adopted by the International Accounting Standards Board.
 
“Impracticable” means (a) the direct expense paid to third parties to assist in enforcing recovery would exceed the Erroneously Awarded Compensation; provided that the Company has (i) made reasonable attempt(s) to recover the Erroneously Awarded Compensation, (ii) documented such reasonable attempt(s) and (iii) provided such documentation to the relevant listing exchange or association, (b) the recovery would violate the Company’s home country laws adopted prior to November 28, 2022 pursuant to an opinion of home country counsel; provided that the Company has (i) obtained an opinion of home country counsel, acceptable to the relevant listing exchange or association, that recovery would result in such a violation and (ii) provided such opinion to the relevant listing exchange or association, or (c) recovery would likely cause an otherwise tax-qualified retirement plan, under which benefits are broadly available to employees of the Company, to fail to meet the requirements of 26 U.S.C. 401(a)(13) or 26 U.S.C. 411(a) and the regulations thereunder.
 
“Incentive-Based Compensation” means, with respect to a Restatement, any compensation that is granted, earned, or vested based wholly or in part upon the attainment of one or more Financial Reporting Measures and received by a person: (a) after such person began service as an Officer; (b) who served as an Officer at any time during the performance period for that compensation; (c) while the Company has a class of securities listed on a national securities exchange or association; and (d) during the applicable Three-Year Period.
 
“Officer” means each person who the Company determines serves as a Company officer, as defined in Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
 
“Other Recovery Arrangements” means any clawback, recoupment, forfeiture or similar policies or provisions of the Company or its affiliates, including any such policies or provisions of such effect contained in any employment agreement, bonus plan, incentive plan, equity-based plan or award agreement thereunder or similar plan, program or agreement of the Company or an affiliate or required under applicable law (including, without limitation, the Compensation Policy).
 
“Restatement” means an accounting restatement to correct the Company’s material noncompliance with any financial reporting requirement under securities laws, including restatements that correct an error in previously issued financial statements (a) that is material to the previously issued financial statements or (b) that would result in a material misstatement if the error were corrected in the current period or left uncorrected in the current period.
 
“Three-Year Period” means, with respect to a Restatement, the three completed fiscal years immediately preceding the date that the Board, a committee of the Board, or the officer or officers of the Company authorized to take such action if Board action is not required, concludes, or reasonably should have concluded, that the Company is required to prepare such Restatement, or, if earlier, the date on which a court, regulator or other legally authorized body directs the Company to prepare such Restatement. The “Three-Year Period” also includes any transition period (that results from a change in the Company’s fiscal year) within or immediately following the three completed fiscal years identified in the preceding sentence. However, a transition period between the last day of the Company’s previous fiscal year end and the first day of its new fiscal year that comprises a period of nine to 12 months shall be deemed a completed fiscal year.
 
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND CONSENT TO
POLICY FOR RECOVERY OF ERRONEOUSLY AWARDED COMPENSATION

The undersigned has received a copy of the Policy for Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation (the “Policy”) adopted by Global-e Online Ltd. (the “Company”), and has read and understands the Policy. Capitalized terms used but not defined herein shall have the meanings ascribed to such terms in the Policy.

As a condition of receiving Incentive-Based Compensation from the Company, the undersigned agrees that any Incentive-Based Compensation received on or after the Effective Date is subject to recovery pursuant to the terms of the Policy. To the extent the Company’s recovery right conflicts with any other contractual rights the undersigned may have with the Company, the undersigned understands that the terms of the Policy shall supersede any such contractual rights. The terms of the Policy shall apply in addition to any right of recoupment against the undersigned under the Compensation Policy or applicable law and regulations.
 
The undersigned further acknowledges and agrees that the undersigned is not entitled to indemnification in connection with any enforcement of the Policy and expressly waives any rights to such indemnification under the Company’s organizational documents or otherwise.
 
       
Date
  
Signature
  
       
       

 
Name
  
       
       

 
Title
  
 
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